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Authors are the souls of any journal, and deserve much respect. To publish a journal manuscripts are needed from authors. Authors have a great responsibility for producing facts of their work in terms of number and results truthfully and an individual honesty is expected from authors in this regards. Both ways its true "No authors-No manuscripts-No journals" and "No journals–No manuscripts–No authors". Reviewing a manuscript is also a very responsible and important task of any peer-reviewed journal and to be taken seriously. It needs knowledge on the subject, sincerity, honesty and determination. Although the process of reviewing a manuscript is a time consuming task butit is expected to give one's best remarks within the time frame of the journal.
Salient features of the JCDR: It is a biomedical, multidisciplinary (including all medical and dental specialities), e-journal, with wide scope and extensive author support. At the same time, a free text of manuscript is available in HTML and PDF format. There is fast growing authorship and readership with JCDR as this can be judged by the number of articles published in it i e; in Feb 2007 of its first issue, it contained 5 articles only, and now in its recent volume published in April 2011, it contained 67 manuscripts. This e-journal is fulfilling the commitments and objectives sincerely, (as stated by Editor-in-chief in his preface to first edition) i e; to encourage physicians through the internet, especially from the developing countries who witness a spectrum of disease and acquire a wealth of knowledge to publish their experiences to benefit the medical community in patients care. I also feel that many of us have work of substance, newer ideas, adequate clinical materials but poor in medical writing and hesitation to submit the work and need help. JCDR provides authors help in this regards.
Timely publication of journal: Publication of manuscripts and bringing out the issue in time is one of the positive aspects of JCDR and is possible with strong support team in terms of peer reviewers, proof reading, language check, computer operators, etc. This is one of the great reasons for authors to submit their work with JCDR. Another best part of JCDR is "Online first Publications" facilities available for the authors. This facility not only provides the prompt publications of the manuscripts but at the same time also early availability of the manuscripts for the readers.
Indexation and online availability: Indexation transforms the journal in some sense from its local ownership to the worldwide professional community and to the public.JCDR is indexed with Embase & EMbiology, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, Chemical Abstracts Service, Journal seek Database, Indian Science Abstracts, to name few of them. Manuscriptspublished in JCDR are available on major search engines ie; google, yahoo, msn.
In the era of fast growing newer technologies, and in computer and internet friendly environment the manuscripts preparation, submission, review, revision, etc and all can be done and checked with a click from all corer of the world, at any time. Of course there is always a scope for improvement in every field and none is perfect. To progress, one needs to identify the areas of one's weakness and to strengthen them.
It is well said that "happy beginning is half done" and it fits perfectly with JCDR. It has grown considerably and I feel it has already grown up from its infancy to adolescence, achieving the status of standard online e-journal form Indian continent since its inception in Feb 2007. This had been made possible due to the efforts and the hard work put in it. The way the JCDR is improving with every new volume, with good quality original manuscripts, makes it a quality journal for readers. I must thank and congratulate Dr Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief JCDR and his team for their sincere efforts, dedication, and determination for making JCDR a fast growing journal.
Every one of us: authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher are responsible for enhancing the stature of the journal. I wish for a great success for JCDR."
Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011
Dr. Shankar P.R.
"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
Areas for improvement: In certain cases, I felt that the peer review process of the manuscripts was not up to international standards and that it should be strengthened. Also, the number of manuscripts in an issue is high and it may be difficult for readers to go through all of them. The journal can consider tightening of the peer review process and increasing the quality standards for the acceptance of the manuscripts. I faced occasional problems with the online manuscript submission (Pre-publishing) system, which have to be addressed.
Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."
Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011 Anuradha
Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.
Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020
Original article / research
Full Version
Comparison of Four Rotary NiTi Files on Vertical Root Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Teeth: An In-vitro Study
Correspondence Address :
Dr. Mona Somani,
Associate Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Karnavati School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar-382422, Gujarat, India.
E-mail: monasomani@karnavatiuniversity.edu.in
Introduction: There are several reasons associated with vertical root fracture, from which biomechanical preparation can be considered as one of the predisposing factors which can increase the susceptibility to vertical root fracture. It depends upon the amount of forces used during the preparation and taper of the file systems used for the preparation.
Aim: To compare vertical root fracture resistance of teeth prepared by four different rotary NiTi file systems.
Materials and Methods: This was an in-vitro study conducted on 150 extracted mandibular premolars from September 2022 to November 2022 in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Karnavati School of Dentistry, Karnavati, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. All the teeth were decoronated keeping the remaining root length of 13 mm. The roots were divided into five groups of 30 each. Group-1: Vortex blue, Group-2: Edge File X7, Group-3: Hyflex EDM, Group-4: ProTaper Gold, Group-5: Control Group. The roots were placed in silicon impression material to resemble periodontal ligament. All the root canals were negotiated to their terminus with stainless steel K Files except the control group. All teeth from each group were then prepared with their respective file systems and were obturated and sealed with composite. All the samples were then tested with a universal testing machine to evaluate the vertical root fracture. Compressive force was applied and the load necessary to fracture was recorded in Newton. Statistical analysis was done using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by post-hoc Tukey test.
Results: Fracture resistance of Group-5 (Control group) was the highest (522.789±98.79215), followed by Group-1 (Vortex blue) (457.964±37.75982) whereas Group-4 (ProTaper Gold) showed least resistance (349.445±33.62643). The fracture resistance of Vortex blue file system showed significant difference when compared to Hyflex EDM and ProTaper Gold file systems (p<0.001).
Conclusion: The maximum amount of force needed to fracture the samples were prepared with Vortex blue file while ProTaper Gold file shows minimum amount of force needed to fracture the sample.
Compressive force, Nickel-titanium rotary files, Universal testing machine
Clinical endodontics covers a variety of treatment approaches, but the root canal system is the most crucial one since it allows patients to keep their natural teeth in both forms and function as well as appearance (1). There are multiple reasons for vertical root fracture but one of the factor considered can be the forces applied during biomechanical preparation and the amount of dentin left after the preparation (2).
Recently multiple file systems are marketed with claim of creating less cracks in dentin during canal preparation and hence, reduces incidence of vertical root fracture. They are of various wire technology as well as different body taper and tip designs. ProTaper Gold was first released with exclusive superior metallurgy. Having a gradually tapered form, the firm claimed it would increase cutting efficiency and safety. It has a convex triangular cross-section, a progressive variable taper, and is offered in eight sizes (3).
HyFlex EDM files are produced using manufacturing process called Electrical Discharge Machining with cross-section design. Almost triangular cross-section at top, trapezoidal cross-section in middle, quadratic cross-section at tip (4). Vortex blue, a newly developed NiTi rotary instrument made from M Wire (5). The distinctive blue colour of Vortex blue is due to an optical effect, created by light rays interacting with a titanium oxide layer on the surface of the file. It has a triangular cross-section, with constant taper and available into variable sizes (6).
Edge File X7 rotary file is made of an Annealed Heat Treated (AHT) nickel-titanium alloy brand named Fire-Wire? with constant taper and triangular cross-section (7). Vertical root fracture can be assessed by different types of mechanical test stands and kits which works with digital pressure gauge. Many studies have been carried out on file systems inducing vertical root fracture using universal testing machine (8),(10),(11),(12). No studies have been carried out with Edge-X7 file and Vortex blue comparison with Protaper Gold and Hyflex EDM.
Hence, the aim of the present study is to compare the VRF resistance of teeth instrumented with, ProTaper Gold (Dentsply), Hyflex EDM (Coltene), Vortex blue (Dentsply), Edge file X7 (Edge Endo), which are amongst the newly introduced rotary instruments.
This in-vitro study was conducted on 150 extracted mandibular premolars in Department of Conservative and Endodontics at Karnavati School of Dentistry, Gandhinagar Gujarat, India from September 2022 to November 2022.
Inclusion criteria: The study included single rooted permanent human mandibular premolars having fully formed apices which were extracted for orthodontic purpose with age group of 15-30 years.
Exclusion criteria: Teeth with caries, visible cracks or fracture observed under dental operating microscope, restored teeth, internal resorption, calcification, curved root, bifurcation were excluded.
Sample size calculation: The study considered the data based on the previous study [13,14] on comparison of the resistance of teeth instrumented with different nickel-titanium files to evaluate vertical root fracture where difference between six groups were calculated having statistical significance with samples 12 teeth/group. Accordingly, a higher sample size of 30 teeth/group was used in present study to analyse data with 80% power and 5% significance using statistical power analysis.
Study Procedure
Total 150 samples of extracted premolars (Table/Fig 1) were selected and cleaned for removal of calculus and stains with ultrasonic scaler (Satelac) and stored in deionised water till usage. All the teeth were decoronated using diamond disk under water coolant in such a way that remaining root length is 13 mm. The samples were then examined under dental operating microscope at 10X magnification to detect any craze lines or micro cracks developed during decoronation. The samples where the cracks present were replaced with intact roots. Samples were then divided into five groups of 30 each.
• Group-1: Vortex blue, n=30;
• Group-2: Edge File X7, n=30;
• Group-3: Hyflex EDM, n=30;
• Group-4: ProTaper Gold, n=30;
• Group-5: Control group, n=30.
The roots were covered with a layer of aluminium foil and were placed in a self-cure acrylic block. After this the roots were removed and the aluminium foil was replaced with addition silicon impression material to resemble periodontal ligament and the roots were kept back in to mould. All the canals were negotiated to their terminus with stainless steel K Files (Mani) except the control group. The teeth from each group were then prepared with their respective file systems sequentially using Xsmart endomotor setting the torque and rounds per minute (rpm) as per their files manufacturer instructions, followed by irrigation with 3% sodium hypochlorite and normal saline sequentially. After biomechanical preparation, all the samples were obturated using single cone technique with AH plus sealer and sealed with nano-hybrid composite material (Ivoclar-vivadent). All the samples were kept in an environment of 100% moisture. No instrumentation or obturation was done in control group. All the samples were tested with a universal testing machine. Compressive force was applied with the help of a tip made up of a stainless steel of 1 mm diameter. The load necessary to fracture was recorded in newtons.
Statistical Analysis
The statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) IBM version 23.0 software, with one-way ANOVA for analysis of significant difference between the groups. Intergroup comparison was done by post-hoc Tukey test. This comparison was considered significant with p-value of <0.001.
(Table/Fig 2) shows fracture resistance between the five groups. The mean value of fracture resistance was highest for the control group (522.789±98.79215), followed by Vortex blue (457.964±37.75982) and least resistance (349.445±33.62643) was in the ProTaper Gold. This comparison was statistically significant with p-value of <0.001.
(Table/Fig 3) shows post-hoc Tukey test done to compare the mean values of inter-group file systems. The comparison of Group-2 Edge endo X7 and Group-3 Hyflex EDM was not statistically significant with a p-value of 0.557 compared to other inter-group comparison.
The present study showed that canals prepared with Vortex blue file system needed maximum amount of force to fracture as compared to other file systems. During the stage of cleaning and shaping of the root canal space various factors induces stress on the dentinal wall. These factors like curvature of the canal, amount of force which has been given to instrument, taper of the file, cross-sectional design of the file metallurgical properties of the file, speed of the rotary instruments, torque of the instruments, these all can affect the dentinal crack formation. These kinds of cracks ultimately lead to the development of vertical root fracture. Vertical root fracture is a frustrating event because the fracture is usually diagnosed years after completion of all endodontic and prosthetic procedure and the affected tooth or root has an unfavourable prognosis (9),(10).
In the present study, 150 extracted mandibular premolars were selected in the age range of 15 to 30 years, because upto this age, roots of mandibular premolars are completely matured (15). Aydin B et al., reported in his study that microhardness of enamel and dentin was in acceptable range when the teeth were stored in deionised water (12). So, all the teeth were stored in deionised water till their usage. For the purpose of standardisation in the present study, the coronal parts of the teeth were removed in such a way that remaining root length is 13 mm for all the samples. To stimulate clinical condition, roots were coated with addition silicon impression material (light body) to reproduce periodontal ligament space and then placed on acrylic block to create situation which resembles patients mouth condition. The main purpose of putting an addition silicon impression material is that it resembles like a periodontal ligament and to compensate some of the vertically applied force though it is hard to accurately reproduce the periodontal ligament (4),(12),(13).
To access the vertical root fracture universal testing machine was used as suggested by Çiçek E et al., (14). Most of the studies in which a compressive force had to be applied were done with the help of a universal testing machine because in universal testing machine the amount of force at which the sample gets fractured is accurately measured [4-6]. The diameter of the tip used was 1 mm, similar to the study done by Capar ID et al., and tip was placed at the centre of the sample to reproduce the condition similar in patient’s mouth (4).
In the present study, Group-5 (control group) performed better followed by Group-1 (Vortex blue). Maximum amount of force to fracture the samples were needed in Group-1 (Vortex blue) as compared to other groups. The mean amount of force needed for Vortex blue samples were 457.96 N, whereas for Group-4 (ProTaper Gold) mean force was 349.44, which was the least amongst all the groups.
Various factors can affect the results, like amount of taper of the file, cross-section design, metallic properties of the files, motion which is used to prepare the canals. Vortex blue file is made up of M-wire technology. A titanium oxide layer on the file’s surface interacts with light rays to produce an optical phenomenon that gives Vortex Blue its distinctive blue colour. In the present study, Vortex blue showed maximum amount of force need to fracture and it means that Vortex blue causes less amount of dentinal crack formation as compared to other groups (4),(6),(9),(10),(14),(16). According to Das S et al., the files made up of a M-Wire technology shows less amount of dentinal crack formation, these results are correlate with the results of the present study (13). According to Mandava J et al., Vortex blue file creates less amount of dentinal crack formation than Hyflex EDM and these results correlate with the present study (15). The possible reason for Vortex blue to be better than other is because it has variable helical angle cutting blade with triangular cross-section. The coronal portion of the file has a lower helical angle (fewer flutes), which promotes effective debris removal, while the apical portion has a higher helix angle (more flutes), which promotes enhanced strength with a reduced risk of dentinal crack formation (15),(17),(18),(19),(20),(21),(22).
Group-4 ProTaper Gold showed the least amount force needed to fracture the samples. The possible reason for this could be because of cross-section of the file, proper gold has convex triangular cross-sectional area which ultimately leads to decreased dentinal debris removing area as compared to other files. Comparative evaluation has been done with similar studies in (Table/Fig 4) (20),(21),(22).
Limitation(s)
The present study was an in-vitro study and clinical simulations were not used. There are several reasons associated with vertical root fracture, of which only the biomechanical preparation side of it was considered in present study. Other reasons such as shearing force which can increase the susceptibility to vertical root fracture were not considered.
Within the limitations of present study the following conclusion may be drawn, that Vortex Blue file showed the best result. Maximum amount of force needed to fracture the samples were prepared with Vortex blue file. ProTaper Gold file shows minimum amount of force needed to fracture the sample. Further future studies and research is needed comparing these files with other newly introduced file systems for better clinical understanding.
DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2023/61204.18203
Date of Submission: Nov 03, 2022
Date of Peer Review: Jan 07, 2023
Date of Acceptance: Apr 08, 2023
Date of Publishing: Jul 01, 2023
AUTHOR DECLARATION:
• Financial or Other Competing Interests: None
• Was Ethics Committee Approval obtained for this study? NA
• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects involved in the study? NA
• For any images presented appropriate consent has been obtained from the subjects. NA
PLAGIARISM CHECKING METHODS:
• Plagiarism X-checker: Nov 08, 2022
• Manual Googling: Feb 15, 2023
• iThenticate Software: Apr 04, 2023 (13%)
ETYMOLOGY: Author Origin
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