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Authors are the souls of any journal, and deserve much respect. To publish a journal manuscripts are needed from authors. Authors have a great responsibility for producing facts of their work in terms of number and results truthfully and an individual honesty is expected from authors in this regards. Both ways its true "No authors-No manuscripts-No journals" and "No journals–No manuscripts–No authors". Reviewing a manuscript is also a very responsible and important task of any peer-reviewed journal and to be taken seriously. It needs knowledge on the subject, sincerity, honesty and determination. Although the process of reviewing a manuscript is a time consuming task butit is expected to give one's best remarks within the time frame of the journal.
Salient features of the JCDR: It is a biomedical, multidisciplinary (including all medical and dental specialities), e-journal, with wide scope and extensive author support. At the same time, a free text of manuscript is available in HTML and PDF format. There is fast growing authorship and readership with JCDR as this can be judged by the number of articles published in it i e; in Feb 2007 of its first issue, it contained 5 articles only, and now in its recent volume published in April 2011, it contained 67 manuscripts. This e-journal is fulfilling the commitments and objectives sincerely, (as stated by Editor-in-chief in his preface to first edition) i e; to encourage physicians through the internet, especially from the developing countries who witness a spectrum of disease and acquire a wealth of knowledge to publish their experiences to benefit the medical community in patients care. I also feel that many of us have work of substance, newer ideas, adequate clinical materials but poor in medical writing and hesitation to submit the work and need help. JCDR provides authors help in this regards.
Timely publication of journal: Publication of manuscripts and bringing out the issue in time is one of the positive aspects of JCDR and is possible with strong support team in terms of peer reviewers, proof reading, language check, computer operators, etc. This is one of the great reasons for authors to submit their work with JCDR. Another best part of JCDR is "Online first Publications" facilities available for the authors. This facility not only provides the prompt publications of the manuscripts but at the same time also early availability of the manuscripts for the readers.
Indexation and online availability: Indexation transforms the journal in some sense from its local ownership to the worldwide professional community and to the public.JCDR is indexed with Embase & EMbiology, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, Chemical Abstracts Service, Journal seek Database, Indian Science Abstracts, to name few of them. Manuscriptspublished in JCDR are available on major search engines ie; google, yahoo, msn.
In the era of fast growing newer technologies, and in computer and internet friendly environment the manuscripts preparation, submission, review, revision, etc and all can be done and checked with a click from all corer of the world, at any time. Of course there is always a scope for improvement in every field and none is perfect. To progress, one needs to identify the areas of one's weakness and to strengthen them.
It is well said that "happy beginning is half done" and it fits perfectly with JCDR. It has grown considerably and I feel it has already grown up from its infancy to adolescence, achieving the status of standard online e-journal form Indian continent since its inception in Feb 2007. This had been made possible due to the efforts and the hard work put in it. The way the JCDR is improving with every new volume, with good quality original manuscripts, makes it a quality journal for readers. I must thank and congratulate Dr Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief JCDR and his team for their sincere efforts, dedication, and determination for making JCDR a fast growing journal.
Every one of us: authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher are responsible for enhancing the stature of the journal. I wish for a great success for JCDR."
Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011
Dr. Shankar P.R.
"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
Areas for improvement: In certain cases, I felt that the peer review process of the manuscripts was not up to international standards and that it should be strengthened. Also, the number of manuscripts in an issue is high and it may be difficult for readers to go through all of them. The journal can consider tightening of the peer review process and increasing the quality standards for the acceptance of the manuscripts. I faced occasional problems with the online manuscript submission (Pre-publishing) system, which have to be addressed.
Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."
Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011 Anuradha
Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.
Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020
Research Protocol
Full Version
Evaluation of Correlation between Cognitive Impairment and Tooth Loss- Research Protocol
Correspondence Address :
Dr. Jahnavi Purna Gorripati,
Postgraduate Student, Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Wardha, Maharashtra, India.
E-mail: jahnavi.jan6@gmail.com
Introduction: Cognitive impairment has been linked with aging, neurobiological, psychological, and social factors. Studies have generally quoted “that older adults usually present with some form of cognitive impairment. Mild cognitive impairment is a state representing the intermediate phase between normal aging dementia and is also termed predementia syndrome. Recent evidence also shows correlation between teeth loss and Alzheimer’s disease, which can cause cognitive impairment.
Need of the Study: As there is very little research in the literature regarding the correlation of cognitive impairment with loss of teeth in dentistry, there is a need to check and evaluate the correlation. Thus, this study will assess the correlation between cognitive impairment and tooth loss using a MMSE.
Aim: To evaluate the correlation between cognitive impairment and tooth loss using a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE).
Materials and Methods: The current study is a cross-sectional observational study that will be conducted at Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital. Following approval of the Ethical institutional Committee (IEC) and Ethical Approval No: DMIMS (DU)/IEC/2022/779. All the 300 participants between 30-60 years of age who visited the OPD of Department of Prosthodontics, will be included in the study. The inclusion criteria for this study were patients aged between 30-60 years with number tooth loss 2-4, 6-8, partially edentulous, and completely edentulous. Participants suffering from neurological disorders that may lead to cognitive impairments will be excluded from the study. Descriptive statistics will be performed for frequency percentage. Association will be tested using Chi-square analysis to find the significance p-value.
Functional occlusal unit, Mental health, Neurocognitive diseases
Neurocognitive Diseases (NCDs) are among those, and it is anticipated that their global effect will grow along with lifespan, from 44 million persons in 2013 to 76 million in 2030 and 131 million by 2050 (1). Mild cognitive impairment is one of the most prevalent NCDs (2). The term “predementia syndrome” refers to the condition known as mild cognitive impairment, which stands for the transitional stage between normal aging and dementia (3). It could develop into dementia stay unchanged, or be restored to normal. Most western research indicates that 10%-15% of mild cognitive impairment cases per year progress to dementia (4). India recorded a 60-year-old life expectancy of 18.02 years in 2020. This overall aging is anticipated to be accompanied by a sharp rise in mild cognitive impairment prevalence. WHO estimates that there are 50 million individuals with dementia globally, with 10 million new cases being diagnosed each year (5). According to a survey of senior citizens in South Korea who live in the community, having few teeth left was associated with dementia developing within 2.4 years. (6)
A reduced number of remaining teeth may increase the risk of dementia or cognitive decline in old age, according to systematic reviews and meta-analyses [7,8]. In animal studies, Decreased masticatory activity in aging animals caused by soft food consumption resulted in a loss of spatial memory, reduced learning ability, neuroendocrine alterations, and hippocampus degeneration [9,10]. The idea of a “brain-stomatognathic axis” in connection to geriatric healthcare has been highlighted by recent studies. In light of this, this axis represents the intricate network of communication between the stomatognathic/masticatory system and the cortical and subcortical parts of the brain (11),(12).
A loss in cognitive function would be expected to impede normal activities of daily life, such as oral hygiene and dental care (13). Subjects with fewer teeth suffered slight memory impairment more frequently than those with more teeth, according to Okamoto N et al., (14). Oral health concerns, such as periodontal disease [15,16], dental caries (17), difficulties with masticatory function [18,19], and tooth loss, are linked to poor cognitive performance in older adults, according to some cross-sectional and longitudinal research finding. In contrast to people with 20 or more teeth, those with fewer teeth and no dentures had an increased risk of dementia, according to a 4-year prospective cohort study of people aged 65 or older in Japan’s Aichi Prefecture (20). However, the risk of dementia was not significantly higher in people with fewer teeth who wore dentures. To determine whether improving dietary balance and masticatory performance can stop cognitive deterioration, intervention studies are required.
According to Brennan LJ and Strauss J as everyday functioning declines with age, cognitive impairment in older adults is frequently followed by rapid dental health degradation (21). Additionally, specific cognitive conditions like apraxia, which interferes with motor planning, may make it more difficult for a person to practice oral hygiene (22) correctly.
To lower the prevalence of cognitive impairment, it is necessary to identify the modifiable predictors and risk factors because there is currently no proven effective therapy for the condition. Interventions are required to prevent and address the issues that the rapid increase in dementia is bringing to the healthcare system (22).
Study Objectives
• To evaluate the cognitive impairment in a partially edentulous state where 2 to 5, 6 to 8 number of tooth loss is present. (Group-A)
• To evaluate the cognitive impairment in complete tooth loss patients. (Group-B)
• To compare cognitive impairment and tooth loss in group-A and group B.
REVIEW OF THE LITERTATRE
In study conducted by Bergdahl M et al., 487 edentulous participants (59% women, 41 percent males; age M=71.3) were compared to 1,351 people with natural teeth (53 % women, 47 percent men; age M=54.0) (23). The findings suggest that the cognitive deficit of the edentulous group persists and that functional natural teeth are associated with somewhat intact cognitive performance in later life. According to study conducted by Salthouse TA et al., increasing age is associated with lower cognitive performance even in the age range of 18 to 60-year-old (1). Some signs of age-related cognitive deterioration appear in healthy, educated people in their 20s and 30s.
In study conducted by Kaye EK et al., a total of 597 dentate men, from 28 to 70 years, were followed for 32 years (13). The data show that the chance of cognitive decline in elderly guys increased when more teeth were removed. Periodontal disease and dental caries, two of the most frequent causes of tooth loss, have been related to mental decline. In a study conducted by Ganem A et al., Saudi Arabia’s female population between the ages of 40 and 65 was studied (approx. 300 persons) (3). The number of remaining teeth, education, occupation, stress, and medical history, were all evaluated. To examine cognitive performance, the MMSE was employed, and the results were statistically assessed. The latest study, they concluded, adds to the body of data by suggesting a link between tooth number and hippocampus-dependent cognitive function. In the second half of the investigation, regression analysis found no conclusive association.
In study conducted by Kato H et al., authors wanted to see if there was a link between cognitive function and the number of natural and prosthetic teeth in the elderly Japanese residents (24). Authors concluded that cognitive ability was significantly associated with the number of natural teeth.
In study conducted by Galindo-Moreno P et al., a study conducted to investigate and find any epidemiological evidence in the association between edentulism and decline in cognition (25). The data was obtained from two USA National Health Surveys 2014-2017 and NHANES 2005-2018. The number of teeth in the oral cavity is a predictor of status in cognitive decline. This study has stated that cognitive function is likely to decline even when only 8 teeth out of 28. Thus, the prevention of tooth loss has significant importance, not only in oral health but also in cognitive function. Cognitive impairment is observed when loss of molars is present. The early loss of teeth at 45 years of age was associated with cognitive function. So, it is essential to maintain oral health and to promote oral health maintenance in all age groups to minimise cognitive decline.
This cross-sectional study will be conducted at Sharad Pawar Dental College and the Hospital. Following approval of the Ethical institutional committee and Ethical approval No: DMIMS (DU)/IEC/2022/779. All 300 individuals who will attend the OPD of the Department of Prosthodontics between the ages of 30 to 60 years will be included in the study, which will run for two years. Participants will be informed about the research and will be provided with an opportunity to provide written consent. Patients between the ages of 30 to 60 years with a number of teeth missing 2-5, 6-8, partial edentulous (loss if teeth more than 16), or complete tooth loss will be eligible for this study. Cognitive impairment may result from participants with neurological diseases hence they will excluded from the study.
Sample size calculation:
n=Z2. p.(1-p)/E2
P=proportion of half dentition ( partial tooth loss) with less attention as cognitive function=24.6% (3)
E=Margin of error=5%
n=1.96×0.246×(1-0.246)/(0.05)2
=286~300
n=300
The MMSE, a globally accepted cognitive function test, assessed each subject’s cognitive function. It consists of assessments of orientation, focus, memory, language, and visual-spatial abilities. A score of 24 to 30 will be categorised as mild, 18 to 23 as moderate, and 0 to 17 as severe impairment (13).
Study Procedure
• The study will include all patients who present to the OPD with a partially or completely edentulous arch.
• Cognitive assessment using MMSE is evaluated for each person and compared.
• It is helpful to assess patients’ cognitive status and observe if any changes are seen.
• A qualified dentist will assess the number of existing teeth to assess tooth loss at the time of the baseline survey. (Table/Fig 1) shows the study participants. Thus, 300 subjects would be randomly distributed in each group.
Statistical Analysis
All the results will be calculated using SPSS software. Descriptive statistics will be performed for frequency percentage for qualitative data and mean and standard deviation over quantitative data. Association will be tested using Chi-square analysis to find significances p-value.
DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2023/58802.17699
Date of Submission: Jul 01, 2022
Date of Peer Review: Aug 04, 2022
Date of Acceptance: Nov 06, 2022
Date of Publishing: Apr 01, 2023
AUTHOR DECLARATION:
• Financial or Other Competing Interests: None
• Was Ethics Committee Approval obtained for this study? Yes
• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects involved in the study? Yes
• For any images presented appropriate consent has been obtained from the subjects. NA
PLAGIARISM CHECKING METHODS:
• Plagiarism X-checker: Jul 04, 2022
• Manual Googling: Oct 31, 2022
• iThenticate Software: Nov 03, 2022 (14%)
ETYMOLOGY: Author Origin
- Emerging Sources Citation Index (Web of Science, thomsonreuters)
- Index Copernicus ICV 2017: 134.54
- Academic Search Complete Database
- Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
- Embase
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