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Authors are the souls of any journal, and deserve much respect. To publish a journal manuscripts are needed from authors. Authors have a great responsibility for producing facts of their work in terms of number and results truthfully and an individual honesty is expected from authors in this regards. Both ways its true "No authors-No manuscripts-No journals" and "No journals–No manuscripts–No authors". Reviewing a manuscript is also a very responsible and important task of any peer-reviewed journal and to be taken seriously. It needs knowledge on the subject, sincerity, honesty and determination. Although the process of reviewing a manuscript is a time consuming task butit is expected to give one's best remarks within the time frame of the journal.
Salient features of the JCDR: It is a biomedical, multidisciplinary (including all medical and dental specialities), e-journal, with wide scope and extensive author support. At the same time, a free text of manuscript is available in HTML and PDF format. There is fast growing authorship and readership with JCDR as this can be judged by the number of articles published in it i e; in Feb 2007 of its first issue, it contained 5 articles only, and now in its recent volume published in April 2011, it contained 67 manuscripts. This e-journal is fulfilling the commitments and objectives sincerely, (as stated by Editor-in-chief in his preface to first edition) i e; to encourage physicians through the internet, especially from the developing countries who witness a spectrum of disease and acquire a wealth of knowledge to publish their experiences to benefit the medical community in patients care. I also feel that many of us have work of substance, newer ideas, adequate clinical materials but poor in medical writing and hesitation to submit the work and need help. JCDR provides authors help in this regards.
Timely publication of journal: Publication of manuscripts and bringing out the issue in time is one of the positive aspects of JCDR and is possible with strong support team in terms of peer reviewers, proof reading, language check, computer operators, etc. This is one of the great reasons for authors to submit their work with JCDR. Another best part of JCDR is "Online first Publications" facilities available for the authors. This facility not only provides the prompt publications of the manuscripts but at the same time also early availability of the manuscripts for the readers.
Indexation and online availability: Indexation transforms the journal in some sense from its local ownership to the worldwide professional community and to the public.JCDR is indexed with Embase & EMbiology, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, Chemical Abstracts Service, Journal seek Database, Indian Science Abstracts, to name few of them. Manuscriptspublished in JCDR are available on major search engines ie; google, yahoo, msn.
In the era of fast growing newer technologies, and in computer and internet friendly environment the manuscripts preparation, submission, review, revision, etc and all can be done and checked with a click from all corer of the world, at any time. Of course there is always a scope for improvement in every field and none is perfect. To progress, one needs to identify the areas of one's weakness and to strengthen them.
It is well said that "happy beginning is half done" and it fits perfectly with JCDR. It has grown considerably and I feel it has already grown up from its infancy to adolescence, achieving the status of standard online e-journal form Indian continent since its inception in Feb 2007. This had been made possible due to the efforts and the hard work put in it. The way the JCDR is improving with every new volume, with good quality original manuscripts, makes it a quality journal for readers. I must thank and congratulate Dr Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief JCDR and his team for their sincere efforts, dedication, and determination for making JCDR a fast growing journal.
Every one of us: authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher are responsible for enhancing the stature of the journal. I wish for a great success for JCDR."
Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011
Dr. Shankar P.R.
"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
Areas for improvement: In certain cases, I felt that the peer review process of the manuscripts was not up to international standards and that it should be strengthened. Also, the number of manuscripts in an issue is high and it may be difficult for readers to go through all of them. The journal can consider tightening of the peer review process and increasing the quality standards for the acceptance of the manuscripts. I faced occasional problems with the online manuscript submission (Pre-publishing) system, which have to be addressed.
Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."
Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011 Anuradha
Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.
Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020
Original article / research
Full Version
Role of Dermal Ridge Patterns in Prediction of Periodontal Disease- A Cross-sectional Study
Correspondence Address :
Tamil Selvan Kumar,
19, Ramamoorthy Nagar, 3rd Street, PN Road, Tirupur, Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: tamilbdstirupur@gmail.com
Introduction: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease which affects the supporting tissues of the teeth and was initially thought to be environmental in origin. The difference in the disease prevalence among the population could not be attributed to environment alone. Limited studies have been done on diagnosing the future occurrence of periodontal diseases by recording the fingerprint patterns of the patients.
Aim: To evaluate the relationship between fingerprints patterns existing among patients with plaque induced gingivitis, chronic localised and generalised periodontitis.
Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study, carried out over a period of 6 months from January 2022 to July 2022 at Rajas Dental College and Hospital, Kavalkinaru, Tamil Nadu, India. Subjects were equally divided into three groups including 100 patients under each group: Group I as plaque induced gingivitis, group II as localised chronic periodontitis and group III as generalised chronic periodontitis based on 1999 classification system. The fingerprint patterns observed were loops, whorls and arches. The fingerprint patterns were compared within the group and also between the three groups. Boneferroni test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test were used for statistical analysis.
Results: Total of 300 patients were included in this study, out of which 175 were males and 125 were females with the mean age 34.16±1.33 years. On comparison of the fingertip patterns within the groups, a significantly equal distribution of whorl and loop patterns with a value of 4.950±3.10 and 4.750±3.09 respectively were found among the group I subjects. A significantly increased prevalence of whorls with a value of 5.300±3.37 was found in group II subjects and significantly increased prevalence of loop pattern with a value of 5.800±2.72 was found among group III subjects. The arch pattern was more in group II and group III when compared to group I with a value of 1.450±2.21 and 1.200±1.33, respectively.
Conclusion: It was concluded that a strong association between fingerprint patterns and chronic periodontitis existed. The present study proved that dermatoglyphics can be used as a powerful tool for early prediction and better prevention of periodontitis.
Arches, Dermatoglyphics, Loops, Periodontitis, Ulnar
Gingivitis is an inflammatory lesion which results from the interaction between dental plaque biofilm and immune responses of the host. In gingivitis, inflammation does not extend to involve the periodontal attachment (1). Chronic periodontitis is a disease of infectious origin which results from the inflammation within the supporting tooth structures and results in progressive loss of attachment and bone loss. It is the most frequently occurring pattern of periodontitis in adult population (2). Initially, periodontitis was thought to be a disease of microbial and environmental origin. However, it could not be attributed to the microbial or environmental factors alone due to differences in disease variations (3). This could be mainly because of the genetic makeup which causes the differences in the susceptibility of an individual (4). Dermatoglyphics deals with the patterns of skin ridges present on the soles, fingers and toes of human (5). Dermatoglyphics is a Greek word meaning Derma=skin; Glyphe=carve (6). The fingerprints which are completely developed after the birth of the child, remains unchanged during the entire lifetime (7).
In dentistry, the methods available to rule out the genetic basis of periodontal diseases are expensive and limited. Since dermatoglyphics have a genetic basis, they can also be used for diagnosing oral diseases with genetic inheritance (8). Various studies have ruled out periodontal disease with genetic aetiology. Kornman KS et al., have studied the genetic polymorphism of tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1 (α and β), CD14 promoter region and proved them as a risk factor for chronic periodontitis (9). A study done by Atasu M et al., indicated the correlation between dermatoglyphics and aggressive periodontitis (10). Dermatoglyphics have been considered as a valuable tool in identifying patients with periodontal diseases (11).
A successful treatment relies on the early detection of disease. Traditional periodontal parameters have its own limitations (11). The recent diagnostic methods to determine the genetic basis of periodontitis are expensive and technique sensitive. Dermatoglyphics can alleviate this predicament (12). Studies have been done evaluating the fingerprint patterns among the healthy subjects and compared with either chronic periodontitis or aggressive periodontitis patients (10),(13),(14). Till now no studies have shown reports comparing the fingerprint pattern distribution among the localised and generalised chronic periodontitis patients.
The current study was aimed at detecting the fingerprint pattern variations among the localised and generalised chronic periodontitis patients and the objective of this research was to predict the future development of periodontal disease using fingerprint patterns among patients with plaque induced gingivitis, chronic localised and generalised periodontitis.
This cross-sectional observational study was carried out over a period of 6 months from January 2022 to July 2022. A total of 300 subjects within the age group of 20-50 years who reported as an Outpatient to the Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Rajas Dental College and Hospital, Kavalkinaru, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India. Prior to the study, Ethical Clearance (approval number RDCH/IRB/03/2022) from the Institutional Ethics Committee and an informed consent from the patient were obtained.
Inclusion criteria: Systemically healthy male and female patients within the age group of 20-50 years were included.
Exclusion criteria: Patients with absence of digit, conditions/abnormalities that did not allow accurate recording of fingerprints, smokers, pregnant females, patients on antibiotics or other medications and patients who had undergone oral prophylaxis in past 6 months were excluded.
Sample size calculation: The sample size was determined using nMaster 2.0 sample size software based on hypothesis testing means obtained from previous study (13). The minimum sample size obtained was 100 per group with equal allocation.
Procedure
The diagnosis of periodontitis was made based on the American Academy of Periodontology, 1999 classification system depending on the level of clinical attachment, degree of inflammation, probing depth and bone loss (15). Russel’s Periodontal Index was evaluated for all the patients before grouping them to facilitate the surveillance of periodontal disease (16). Patients were divided into three groups as follows-
• Group I (n=100): Plaque induced gingivitis,
• Group II (n=100): Localised chronic periodontitis and
• Group III (n=100): Generalised chronic periodontitis.
All participants in the study were given liquid soap for washing their hands before recording the fingerprints. For each individual, 10 fingerprints were recorded. Participant’s fingerprint were recorded using standard ink method (17), by the use of blue duplicating ink, thick white printing paper and a sponge pad. For each individual, the fingerprints were recorded from both the right and left hand. Every individual’s fingerprint were evaluated under adequate light with the help of magnifying glass. On distal phalanges of the finger, three patterns of fingerprints were evaluated namely-loops, whorls and arches (Table/Fig 1)a-e.
Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 (IBM Statistics USA) software. Overall intragroup comparison and individual intergroup comparison was done using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test and p-value was set by posthoc analysis using Bonferroni test adjusted for comparing multiple variables. For statistically significance p-value was set as <0.05.
Among the 300 patients included in this study, 175 were male patients and 125 were female patients. The mean age of the patients involved in the study was 34.16±1.33 years. On comparing the fingertip patterns within the groups (Table/Fig 2), a significantly equal distribution of whorl and loop patterns with a value of 444.950±3.10 and 4.750±3.09 respectively were found among the group I subjects. A significantly increased prevalence of whorls with a value of 5.300±3.36 was found in group II subjects and significantly increased prevalence of loop pattern with a value of 5.800±2.72 was found among group III subjects. The arch pattern was more in group II and group III when compared to group I with a value of 1.450±2.21 and 1.200±1.33, respectively. On comparing the fingerprint patterns between the groups (Table/Fig 3), there was significant difference (p-value <0.05) for whorl pattern and loop pattern were more when group II was compared to group III. However, no significant difference for arches was seen when group II was compared with group III (p-value=0.830).
Periodontitis is a disease of multifactorial origin associated with various factors such as environmental factors, systemic and genetic factors. The fingerprint patterns have characteristics which make them important for various identification and diagnostic procedures (13). The present study was conducted with the aim to determine the specific fingerprint pattern type associated with plaque induced gingivitis, chronic localised and generalised periodontitis. Once formed, the fingerprint patterns remain unchanged and age and environmental remains stable [14,18]. In the present study, 300 fingerprints were analysed from 100 patients allocated in each group.
In this study, a statistically higher frequency of transversal ulnar loops and concentric whorls on all fingers of adult periodontitis patients were seen. Whorls pattern were significantly more in group II patients and loop patterns were more among the group III patients. This finding was in accordance with the study conducted by Chatterjee G et al., and Deotale S et al., who found increased prevalence of loop patterns among chronic generalised periodontitis patients [19,20]. A study conducted by Vaidya P et al., also mentioned the increased prevalence of whorls and decreased arch pattern among right and left fingers of the chronic periodontitis patients (13). In contrast to the findings of the current study, Astekar S et al., and Rathod S et al., reported increased prevalence of loop patterns among healthy subjects compared to the periodontitis subjects [21,22]. In present study, whorls and loops were nearly equally distributed among the group I patients with a value of 4.950±3.105 and 4.750±3.095, respectively. Group II showed less number of loops compared to group III patients which was similar to a study by Atasu M et al., who reported more number of loops in patients with periodontitis when compared to healthy controls (10). In another study, Kochhar GK et al., found more number of loops in patients with high oral hygienic index and lower number of loops in periodontitis patients when compared to healthy controls (23).
Shyamala K et al., conducted a study comparing the fingerprint pattens among healthy subjects and aggressive periodontitis patients and found that single loop pattern was more prevalent in aggressive periodontitis subjects (24). A study done by Kranti K et al., showed no statistically significant differences in fingerprint types among generalised chronic periodontitis and healthy subjects (25). Although many studies have been conducted in an attempt to find an association between the dermatoglyphics and periodontal disease, the results of the studies are inconclusive and the association between the periodontitis and dermatoglyphics is yet to be proved. The present study uniquely focused on finding the differences in fingerprint patterns among localised and generalised chronic periodontitis subjects. Findings of various studies that have been done to prove the association between periodontal disease and fingerprint patterns have been tabulated in (Table/Fig 4) (10),(13),(19),(20),(21),(22),(24),(25).
Limitation(s)
The limitations of this study included the absence of involvement of aggressive periodontitis subjects. Subtypes of fingerprint patterns were not included in this study. Accessory tri-radii pattern role was also not recorded in this study.
The assessment revealed a statistically higher frequency of whorls in localised chronic periodontitis patients and a higher frequency of loop pattern in generalised chronic periodontitis patients. Thus, the present study proved that dermatoglyphics can be used as a powerful tool for early prediction and better prevention of periodontitis. This study can be used to create awareness among the patients regarding the chances of future occurrence of periodontal tissue destruction.
Within the limitations of the study, it was concluded that a strong association between fingerprint patterns and chronic periodontitis exists. However, various studies of larger sample size to prove the association between dermatoglyphic patterns and periodontitis is required.
DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2023/59561.17689
Date of Submission: Aug 09, 2022
Date of Peer Review: Sep 14, 2022
Date of Acceptance: Nov 01, 2022
Date of Publishing: Mar 01, 2023
AUTHOR DECLARATION:
• Financial or Other Competing Interests: None
• Was Ethics Committee Approval obtained for this study? Yes
• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects involved in the study? Yes
• For any images presented appropriate consent has been obtained from the subjects. NA
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