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Authors are the souls of any journal, and deserve much respect. To publish a journal manuscripts are needed from authors. Authors have a great responsibility for producing facts of their work in terms of number and results truthfully and an individual honesty is expected from authors in this regards. Both ways its true "No authors-No manuscripts-No journals" and "No journals–No manuscripts–No authors". Reviewing a manuscript is also a very responsible and important task of any peer-reviewed journal and to be taken seriously. It needs knowledge on the subject, sincerity, honesty and determination. Although the process of reviewing a manuscript is a time consuming task butit is expected to give one's best remarks within the time frame of the journal.
Salient features of the JCDR: It is a biomedical, multidisciplinary (including all medical and dental specialities), e-journal, with wide scope and extensive author support. At the same time, a free text of manuscript is available in HTML and PDF format. There is fast growing authorship and readership with JCDR as this can be judged by the number of articles published in it i e; in Feb 2007 of its first issue, it contained 5 articles only, and now in its recent volume published in April 2011, it contained 67 manuscripts. This e-journal is fulfilling the commitments and objectives sincerely, (as stated by Editor-in-chief in his preface to first edition) i e; to encourage physicians through the internet, especially from the developing countries who witness a spectrum of disease and acquire a wealth of knowledge to publish their experiences to benefit the medical community in patients care. I also feel that many of us have work of substance, newer ideas, adequate clinical materials but poor in medical writing and hesitation to submit the work and need help. JCDR provides authors help in this regards.
Timely publication of journal: Publication of manuscripts and bringing out the issue in time is one of the positive aspects of JCDR and is possible with strong support team in terms of peer reviewers, proof reading, language check, computer operators, etc. This is one of the great reasons for authors to submit their work with JCDR. Another best part of JCDR is "Online first Publications" facilities available for the authors. This facility not only provides the prompt publications of the manuscripts but at the same time also early availability of the manuscripts for the readers.
Indexation and online availability: Indexation transforms the journal in some sense from its local ownership to the worldwide professional community and to the public.JCDR is indexed with Embase & EMbiology, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, Chemical Abstracts Service, Journal seek Database, Indian Science Abstracts, to name few of them. Manuscriptspublished in JCDR are available on major search engines ie; google, yahoo, msn.
In the era of fast growing newer technologies, and in computer and internet friendly environment the manuscripts preparation, submission, review, revision, etc and all can be done and checked with a click from all corer of the world, at any time. Of course there is always a scope for improvement in every field and none is perfect. To progress, one needs to identify the areas of one's weakness and to strengthen them.
It is well said that "happy beginning is half done" and it fits perfectly with JCDR. It has grown considerably and I feel it has already grown up from its infancy to adolescence, achieving the status of standard online e-journal form Indian continent since its inception in Feb 2007. This had been made possible due to the efforts and the hard work put in it. The way the JCDR is improving with every new volume, with good quality original manuscripts, makes it a quality journal for readers. I must thank and congratulate Dr Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief JCDR and his team for their sincere efforts, dedication, and determination for making JCDR a fast growing journal.
Every one of us: authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher are responsible for enhancing the stature of the journal. I wish for a great success for JCDR."
Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011
Dr. Shankar P.R.
"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
Areas for improvement: In certain cases, I felt that the peer review process of the manuscripts was not up to international standards and that it should be strengthened. Also, the number of manuscripts in an issue is high and it may be difficult for readers to go through all of them. The journal can consider tightening of the peer review process and increasing the quality standards for the acceptance of the manuscripts. I faced occasional problems with the online manuscript submission (Pre-publishing) system, which have to be addressed.
Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."
Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011 Anuradha
Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.
Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020
Short Communication
Full Version
An Analysis of the COVID-19 Vaccination Campaign in India
Correspondence Address :
Dr. Gulshan R Bandre,
PhD Scholar, Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Sawangi (Meghe), Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (DU), Wardha, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.
E-mail: gulshanbandre21@gmail.com
The Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been affecting people all across the world for the past two years. For the virus to be destroyed, basic personal health education is a need, and it plays a significant role in the virus’s downfall. The entire population of a country cannot be protected by coronavirus vaccines, which only offer some amount of protection. World Health Organisation (WHO) claims that affluent nations are now able to immunise the majority of their citizens, poor nations are unable to immunise even their medical staff. The present study primary goal was to examine India’s immunisation campaign. In this study paper, secondary data predominately were used.
Corbevax, Coronavirus disease-2019, Covaxin, Covishield, Sputnik V, Vaccination
The COVID-19 pandemic, which started in the Chinese city of Wuhan in December 2019 and is still going strong today and has gripped the world (1). Since, the pandemic is still raging around the globe and the death toll is rising every day, we have now reached the preventative stage and are using vaccines. Developed nations like the United States, China, India, the United Kingdom and Russia had produced vaccines. For wealthy nations, providing vaccinations to their populations comes first.
India launched the largest COVID-19 vaccination campaign in the world on January 16, 2021, utilising 3006 vaccination facilities throughout all of its states and union territories (2). AstraZeneca Oxford University’s Covishield and Bharat Biotech’s Covaxin, which are produced by Serum Institute of India Ltd., and Bharat Biotech International Ltd., respectively, are the two vaccines used to start the COVID-19 vaccination program in India (3). More recently, on April 12 and June 29, 2021, two more vaccines- the Russian COVID-19 vaccine, Sputnik V, and the COVID-19 vaccine manufactured by the US pharmaceutical company Moderna were given the go-ahead for use in India. The COVID-19 vaccination program in India, the second most populous nation in the world (1.38 billion people), aims to immunise 300 million people by August 2021, including 10 million Healthcare Workers (HCWs), 20 million frontline workers (such as soldiers, policemen and municipality workers), and 270 million people over the age of 50 and/or with co-morbidities in the second phase (commenced from March 1, 2021) (4). However, any HCW or frontline employees who missed out on vaccination in phase one are still eligible for vaccination in phase two. The Ministry Of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW) developed the COWIN website, wherein the advance appointment for vaccination may be booked, to enhance and streamline the registration and immunisation procedure (5). According to Annexure 4 of the guidance document of COWIN 2.0 issued by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW), onsite registration can be completed by going to the closest immunisation facility after 3:00 PM and bringing identification proof (voter ID, passport, aadhaar card, bank passbook, or ration card) (6).
What is a Vaccine?
A vaccine is “an inactivated or attenuated pathogen or a component of a pathogen (nucleic acid, protein) that, when delivered to the host, activates an immune system protective response” or it is “an immunological-biological material designed to produce specific protection against a specified disease.” The process of administering the vaccine is called vaccination (7).
Vaccine Types
There are many different types and sizes of vaccines. Each type aims to instruct your immune system on how to resist particular pathogens and the illnesses they can spread.
Scientists consider the following elements when creating vaccines:
• The way your immune system reacts to a germ
• Who should get vaccinated against the virus?
• The most effective technology or method for developing the vaccine.
Several variables influence the type of vaccination that researchers choose to create. There are many different types of vaccines, including:
a) Inactivated vaccines
b) Live-attenuated vaccines
c) Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines
d) Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines
e) Toxoid vaccines
f) Viral vector vaccines
COVID-19 VACCINE STATUS IN INDIA
After China, India became the second nation to reach the milestone with more than two billion doses of the COVID vaccine delivered. Four vaccines are presently used in India: The Oxford-AstraZeneca shot, locally known as Covishield; Covaxin, produced by the Indian company Bharat Biotech; Sputnik V, produced by Russia; and Corbevax, produced by the United States (8).
Up until now, Covishield has been responsible for almost 80% of doses given to adults. In February 2022, India’s medicines regulator granted emergency use authorisation for Corbevax, a protein-based vaccine produced by Biological E, for the 12-18 years age range (9). In June, the Serum Institute of India got approval for the limited emergency use of Covovax in children between the ages of 7-12 years (10). Additionally, the government had given Cipla, an Indian pharmaceutical company, permission to import Moderna’s vaccine, which has a roughly 95% efficiency rate against COVID-19. However, India has not yet received these dosages (8).
1. Covishield: The Covishield vaccine is a vaccine that aims to protect against COVID-19. It is also called Oxford, Astrazeneca vaccine (AZD1222 (ChAdOx1)) (11). The Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine is produced domestically at the Serum Institute of India, the largest vaccine manufacturer in the world. It is a recombinant COVID-19 vaccine based on viral vector technology. The vaccine is made using a weakened adenovirus (common cold virus) from chimpanzees (12). Even though, it cannot cause illness, it has been modified to resemble a coronavirus. The vaccination stimulates the immune system to create antibodies and primes it to combat any coronavirus infection. Two doses of the immunisation are administered, 4-12 weeks apart. It can be easily dispersed in existing healthcare settings like doctor’s offices and securely maintained at temperatures between 2°C and 8°C. The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, which is presently used in many nations, must be stored at -70°C and can only be transmitted a limited number of times, which presents a particular issue in India where summer temperatures often approach 50°C (11).
2. Covaxin: The Covaxin vaccine (BBV1520) is a vaccine that aims to protect against COVID-19. It is a whole-virion inactivated coronavirus vaccine (13). Using a coronavirus sample isolated by India’s National Institute of Virology, Bharat Biotech, a 24-year-old vaccine company with 16 vaccines in its portfolio and exports to 123 nations, is developing a new vaccine. When a deadly virus is injected, immune cells will still recognise it, which triggers the production of antibodies by the immune system against the pandemic virus (14). Four weeks gap between the two dosages. A 2-8°C are suitable for storing the vaccination. According to preliminary findings, the vaccine has a phase three trial efficacy rate of 81%. According to Bharat Biotech, it has a supply of 20 million doses of Covaxin and expects to generate 700 million doses at its four sites in two cities by the end of the year (15).
3. Sputnik V: The Moscow-based Gamaleya Institute created the vaccination, which generated some debate, when it was initially implemented before the full study findings were made public (16). Scientists assert that its benefits have now been established. It uses a benign cold virus as a carrier to introduce a tiny piece of the coronavirus into the body. The body will learn to recognise the threat and fight it off without getting sick by being exposed to a portion of the virus’s genetic code in this manner. Following vaccination, the body starts producing antibodies uniquely tailored to the coronavirus (17). This guarantees that the immune system will be prepared to fight the coronavirus when it is first exposed to it. It is easier to carry and store because it may be kept at temperatures between 2-8°C (a typical fridge is around 3-5°C). To create more than 750 million doses of Sputnik V in India, the Russian Direct Investment Fund (RDIF), which is selling the vaccine, has struck contracts with six Indian vaccine producers (18). This year, Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, a pharmaceutical company with headquarters in Hyderabad, will bring the first batch of 125 million tablets into India (19).
4. Corbevax: The protein subunit COVID-19 vaccine, also known as Corbevax, was developed by the Texas Children’s Hospital Centre for Vaccine Development in collaboration with Baylor College of Medicine and Dynavax Technologies, situated in Emeryville, California (20). For development and production, it is licensed to the Indian biopharmaceutical company Biological E. Limited (BioE). A variant of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein’s Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) is included in the vaccine, along with the adjuvants aluminum hydroxide gel and CpG 1018. The hepatitis B vaccinations that are currently available 2use a method similar to that of the yeast Pichia pastoris, which produces the protein (21).
Gaps Lies during Vaccination Campaign and to Prevent Further Infection?
During COVID-19 vaccination campaigns, gaps can occur due to a variety of factors, such as a lack of access to vaccines in certain areas, mistrust of vaccines in certain communities, and logistical challenges in administering the vaccines (22). To fill these gaps and prevent further infections, various strategies can be employed:
1. Increasing education and awareness about the safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines.
2. Increasing access to vaccines in under served areas, by for example utilising mobile vaccination units, community health workers and expanding hours at vaccination sites.
3. Working with community leaders and organisations to address any concerns or issues and to build trust in the vaccine.
4. Targeting vaccination efforts for high-risk populations, such as older adults, front-line essential workers and people with underlying health conditions.
5. Collaborating with governments and health organisations to ensure a sufficient supply of vaccines and to improve vaccine distribution and administration.
6. Leveraging technology to help register, schedule and remind people of their vaccination appointments.
7. Offering incentives or rewards to people who get vaccinated.
8. Monitoring and tracking the vaccine distribution and effectiveness, and making adjustments as necessary (23).
How COVID-19 Vaccination affected Different Communities in Different Areas of India?
The COVID-19 vaccination rollout in India has affected different communities in different ways, depending on the area and population. In urban areas, the vaccination drive has been more successful due to better infrastructure and access to healthcare facilities. However, there have been reports of vaccine hesitancy among certain segments of the population, such as the elderly and those with co-morbidities (24). In rural areas, the vaccination drive has faced challenges due to limited healthcare infrastructure and a lack of awareness about the vaccine. Many rural communities also lack access to transportation and internet connectivity, making it difficult to register for the vaccine (25).
The Indian government has been making efforts to reach out to rural and remote communities by setting up vaccination camps and mobile vaccination units. However, there have been reports of vaccine wastage in some areas due to logistical issues and lack of awareness (26). The government has also been focusing on vaccinating the most vulnerable populations, such as the elderly and HCWs. However, there have been reports of discrimination and bias in the distribution of vaccines, with certain communities, such as dalits and muslims, facing difficulties in accessing the vaccine (26).
Overall, the COVID-19 vaccination rollout in India has been affected by a combination of logistical, infrastructure and awareness related challenges. The Indian government has been making efforts to address these challenges and increase vaccine access, but more needs to be done to ensure equitable distribution of the vaccine across different communities and areas (27).
Process of Vaccination in India
As of 26th December 2022, 2,20,05,34,092 of which 1,02,71,57,412 dose 1 and 95,11,24,245 dose 2 and 22,22,52,435 booster dose vaccine have been given to the people (28). There are about 68,395 sites conducting vaccination drives of which 61,836 are government and 6,559 are private.
Total number of vaccines given in 2021 is 1,44,88,65,422 and in 2022 till now 75,16,68,670 where 1st doses taken in 2021 and 2022 are 845640601 and 181516811, respectively. And 2nd dose taken in 2021 and 2022 is 603224821 and 347899424, respectively. Booster doses taken in 2021 and 2022 are 0 and 222252435, respectively (Table/Fig 1),(Table/Fig 2).
OUTCOMES OF COVID-19 VACCINATION
The outcome of the COVID-19 vaccination in India has been mixed. On one hand, the Indian government has been able to vaccinate a significant portion of the population, with over 200 million doses administered as of June 2021 (28). This has been achieved through a combination of online registration, mobile vaccination units and vaccination camps. On the other hand, there have been challenges and setbacks in the vaccination process. The country has faced vaccine shortages and delays in the delivery of vaccines. This has led to long queues and frustration among people trying to schedule appointments.
Another issue is the slow pace of vaccination in rural areas, due to limited infrastructure and awareness. Many rural communities lack access to transportation and internet connectivity, making it difficult to register for the vaccine (24). Despite these challenges, the Indian government has been working to increase vaccine access and improve the vaccination process. The government has also started to vaccinate people aged 18 and above since May 2021 (3).
In general, the outcome of the COVID-19 vaccination in India has been affected by a combination of logistical, infrastructure and awareness related challenges. However, the Indian government has been making efforts to address these challenges and increase vaccine access, with the goal of achieving herd immunity and controlling the spread of the virus.
Vaccines are an important element in the war against COVID-19, and making use of the resources available to us would benefit public health and save lives. We must maintain vaccination even if it is less effective against some COVID-19 viral variants, and we must not postpone immunisation due to concerns about future variants. We must utilise the resources we already have while continuing to fortify them. We are all only secure if everyone is.
DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2022/61863.17692
Date of Submission: Dec 01, 2022
Date of Peer Review: Dec 24, 2022
Date of Acceptance: Jan 21, 2023
Date of Publishing: Mar 01, 2023
AUTHOR DECLARATION:
• Financial or Other Competing Interests: None
• Was Ethics Committee Approval obtained for this study? No
• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects involved in the study? NA
• For any images presented appropriate consent has been obtained from the subjects. NA
PLAGIARISM CHECKING METHODS:
• Plagiarism X-checker: Dec 05, 2022
• Manual Googling: Dec 28, 2022
• iThenticate Software: Jan 14, 2023 (10%)
ETYMOLOGY: Author Origin
- Emerging Sources Citation Index (Web of Science, thomsonreuters)
- Index Copernicus ICV 2017: 134.54
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- EBSCOhost
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- HINARI Access to Research in Health Programme
- Indian Science Abstracts (ISA)
- Journal seek Database
- Popline (reproductive health literature)
- www.omnimedicalsearch.com