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Authors are the souls of any journal, and deserve much respect. To publish a journal manuscripts are needed from authors. Authors have a great responsibility for producing facts of their work in terms of number and results truthfully and an individual honesty is expected from authors in this regards. Both ways its true "No authors-No manuscripts-No journals" and "No journalsNo manuscriptsNo authors". Reviewing a manuscript is also a very responsible and important task of any peer-reviewed journal and to be taken seriously. It needs knowledge on the subject, sincerity, honesty and determination. Although the process of reviewing a manuscript is a time consuming task butit is expected to give one's best remarks within the time frame of the journal.
Salient features of the JCDR: It is a biomedical, multidisciplinary (including all medical and dental specialities), e-journal, with wide scope and extensive author support. At the same time, a free text of manuscript is available in HTML and PDF format. There is fast growing authorship and readership with JCDR as this can be judged by the number of articles published in it i e; in Feb 2007 of its first issue, it contained 5 articles only, and now in its recent volume published in April 2011, it contained 67 manuscripts. This e-journal is fulfilling the commitments and objectives sincerely, (as stated by Editor-in-chief in his preface to first edition) i e; to encourage physicians through the internet, especially from the developing countries who witness a spectrum of disease and acquire a wealth of knowledge to publish their experiences to benefit the medical community in patients care. I also feel that many of us have work of substance, newer ideas, adequate clinical materials but poor in medical writing and hesitation to submit the work and need help. JCDR provides authors help in this regards.
Timely publication of journal: Publication of manuscripts and bringing out the issue in time is one of the positive aspects of JCDR and is possible with strong support team in terms of peer reviewers, proof reading, language check, computer operators, etc. This is one of the great reasons for authors to submit their work with JCDR. Another best part of JCDR is "Online first Publications" facilities available for the authors. This facility not only provides the prompt publications of the manuscripts but at the same time also early availability of the manuscripts for the readers.
Indexation and online availability: Indexation transforms the journal in some sense from its local ownership to the worldwide professional community and to the public.JCDR is indexed with Embase & EMbiology, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, Chemical Abstracts Service, Journal seek Database, Indian Science Abstracts, to name few of them. Manuscriptspublished in JCDR are available on major search engines ie; google, yahoo, msn.
In the era of fast growing newer technologies, and in computer and internet friendly environment the manuscripts preparation, submission, review, revision, etc and all can be done and checked with a click from all corer of the world, at any time. Of course there is always a scope for improvement in every field and none is perfect. To progress, one needs to identify the areas of one's weakness and to strengthen them.
It is well said that "happy beginning is half done" and it fits perfectly with JCDR. It has grown considerably and I feel it has already grown up from its infancy to adolescence, achieving the status of standard online e-journal form Indian continent since its inception in Feb 2007. This had been made possible due to the efforts and the hard work put in it. The way the JCDR is improving with every new volume, with good quality original manuscripts, makes it a quality journal for readers. I must thank and congratulate Dr Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief JCDR and his team for their sincere efforts, dedication, and determination for making JCDR a fast growing journal.
Every one of us: authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher are responsible for enhancing the stature of the journal. I wish for a great success for JCDR."
Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011
Dr. Shankar P.R.
"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
Areas for improvement: In certain cases, I felt that the peer review process of the manuscripts was not up to international standards and that it should be strengthened. Also, the number of manuscripts in an issue is high and it may be difficult for readers to go through all of them. The journal can consider tightening of the peer review process and increasing the quality standards for the acceptance of the manuscripts. I faced occasional problems with the online manuscript submission (Pre-publishing) system, which have to be addressed.
Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."
Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011 Anuradha
Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.
Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020
Original article / research
Full Version
Association of Abo Blood Groups and Rh Factor with Sagittal and Vertical Skeletal Malocclusion- An Observational Study
Correspondence Address :
Sampath Aravind,
No 26, 6th Cross, Kumaran Nagar, Lawspet, Puducherry, India.
E-mail: arvindsam100@gmail.com
Introduction: Various studies have proved the association between several disease including dental crowding, malocclusion and craniofacial deformities with blood group. Certain skeletal problems in sagittal plane are heritable and the skeletal muscle volume and strength, a heritable trait varies with different facial patterns.
Aim: To evaluate the association between ABO blood groups and Rhesus (Rh) factor with skeletal malocclusions in sagittal and vertical plane.
Materials and Methods: An observational study was conducted with a sample of 240 participants who reported to Department of Orthodontics in SRM Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India seeking orthodontic treatment over a period of two years from September 2018 to December 2020. Participants were assessed for skeletal malocclusion in sagittal and vertical plane and for their ABO and Rh blood grouping. Chi-square test was used for determining the association between sagittal and vertical skeletal malocclusion with ABO and Rh blood grouping. The association of the gender and the malocclusion was determined as a secondary outcome of the study.
Results: A total of 240 participants (mean age: 19.81±5.95 years; 95 males and 145 females) were observed and data was analysed. A significant association was found between Rh positive blood group and skeletal class II malocclusion with high angle (p-value 0.025). Skeletal class I malocclusion with high angle was found to be associated significantly with O+ group (p-value <0.001). The female gender was found to be associated significantly with sagittal skeletal class II malocclusion with high angle (p-value 0.049).
Conclusion: There is an association between the ABO blood groups and skeletal sagittal malocclusion and vertical skeletal pattern. Skeletal class II malocclusion with high angle pattern was associated significantly with Rh+ blood group and class I skeletal malocclusion with high angle pattern was significantly associated with O+ blood group.
Heritability of malocclusion, Rhesus factor, Sagittal skeletal malocclusion, Vertical skeletal pattern
In 1901, Karl Landsteiner defined and characterised the ABO antigens that are present in cell membrane of the Red blood cells that determine the blood group (1). The chromosome 9 bears the genes that code these antigen and is inherited in an autosomal co-dominant fashion (2). Malocclusions can be acquired or hereditary and the knowledge on the relative contribution of genetics and environmental factors in the aetiology of malocclusion is of paramount importance to an orthodontist (3),(4),(5). Skeletal malocclusion due to prognathic or a retrognathic mandible, facial height and vertical skeletal pattern is strongly influenced by the familial genetic pattern and are heritable (3),(6). A complex relationship exist between the mandibular muscles and underlying vertical facial patterns (7),(8). Difference in muscle structure and strength has been demonstrated between low angle and high mandibular plane angle cases, with brachyfacial types demonstrating a strong muscular environment (7).
Various studies in the past have shown association between prevalence of salivary gland tumours, malaria, cholera, oral cancer, dental caries, haematological malignancies, chicken pox, ischaemic heart disease with certain blood group [9-23]. A recent report on incidence of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) infection among different ABO blood groups showed highest incidence in B group and least with O group (24),(25).
Studies have proved the association between different malocclusion including dental crowding, and craniofacial deformities with different ABO blood groups (26),(27). A study conducted by Rathi A et al., showed a highest prevalence of malocclusion in O group and a significant correlation between certain malocclusion and ABO blood groups. Angle’s class I malocclusion was found to be more in O blood group, class II in A and class III was most common in B blood group (26). Another study by Sharma R et al., revealed a strong association between blood groups and malocclusions with prevalence of malocclusions being highest in blood group B, followed by A, O and AB in Jaipur population (28).
A recent study evaluating the association of skeletal malocclusion with blood group in Kerala population showed a strong association of B and O blood group with YEN (developed at Yenepoya Dental College) angle and no association between vertical parameters of malocclusion with any of the blood groups (29). There is no study in the literature evaluating the association of ABO blood groups and Rh factor with sagittal and vertical skeletal malocclusion in Chennai city population.
Keeping that lacunae in mind, the present study was designed with a null hypothesis, that, there is no association between ABO and Rh blood groups with skeletal malocclusions in sagittal and vertical plane. Hence, the aim was to find any prevalent association.
An observational study was conducted from September 2018 to December 2020 in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College and Hospital, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, to evaluate the association of ABO blood groups and Rh factor with sagittal skeletal and vertical skeletal malocclusions. The protocol for the present study was approved by Institutional Review Board and Ethics Committee of SRM university (approval number of SRMDC/IRB/2018/MDS/No.109). The study was registered in The Clinical Trials Registry India (CTRI) with the registration number of CTRI/2020/09/027588.
Informed consent was obtained from the participants about determination of the blood group and utilisation of lateral cephalogram for the present study from the routine records taken for their orthodontic treatment.
Sample size calculation: Sample size was calculated using “N master software” with power 80% and a error 5% the calculated sample size was 240 participants and statistical significance is considered to be at p<0.05 level.
Inclusion criteria: Those patients seeking orthodontic treatment in Department of Orthodontics of the study centre, 15 years to 55 years and who were willing to give written consent to participate in the study were recruited in the study.
Exclusion criteria: Patients affected with craniofacial syndromes, maxillofacial deformities like cleft lip and palate, with history of oral habits such as mouth breathing, digit sucking, tongue thrusting and previous history of orthodontic treatment were excluded from the study.
Study Procedure
Lateral cephalogram of the patients were obtained and manual tracing was performed to assess the sagittal and vertical relationship. ANB angle (2°±2°) and Wits appraisal (2 mm) was used for determining the sagittal skeletal pattern and Go-Gn to SN (31°±3°), FMA - Frankfort Mandibular plane Angle (25°±3°) and Jarabak ratio (62%-65%) was used for determining the vertical skeletal pattern. Class I was considered to be having an ANB angle of 0° to 4°. Class II was considered to be having an ANB angle of greater than 4°. A high vertical angle can be defined as those individuals with Go-Gn to Sn greater than 34°, FMA greater than 28° and Jarabak ratio lesser than 62%. An average vertical angle can be defined as those individuals with Go-Gn to Sn 34°±3, FMA 28°±3 and Jarabak ratio 62% - 65%. A low vertical angle can be defined as those individuals with Go-Gn to Sn lesser than 31°, FMA lesser than 25° and Jarabak ratio greater than 65% (30). The procedure for blood group determination used includes ABO system and Rhesus system as explained in the study of Sharma R et al., (28).
Statistical Analysis
The association between blood groups and skeletal malocclusions was determined using Chi-square test using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 2.0. The p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
The mean age of the participants was 19.81±5.95 years. The distribution of gender, sagittal skeletal relation, blood group and vertical skeletal relation among the sample was calculated (Table/Fig 1). Males contributed to 95 (39.6%) of the total sample and the distribution of skeletal class I and class II malocclusion was 109 (45.4%) and 131 (54.6%) respectively. When the blood group was analysed based on ABO system, majority of the participants were B+ 39% followed by O+ 37.5%. The B- constituted 3.2% of the sample with AB+ and AB- constituting 4.4% and 0.8% respectively. When the blood group was analysed based on the Rh system, Rh+ constituted 225 (93.75%) and Rh- constituted 15 (6.25%). High mandibular plane angle was noticed in 94 (39.2%) of the participants, average and horizontal vertical skeletal relation was seen in 78 (32.5%) and 68 (28.3%) of the sample size.
The frequency distribution of sagittal skeletal pattern and vertical skeletal pattern in ABO and Rh blood groups were not statistically significant (Table/Fig 2). The association of skeletal pattern with ABO blood groupings also showed no statistical significance (Table/Fig 3). A statistically significant association was found between Rh positive blood group and skeletal class II high angle malocclusion with frequency distribution of 65.9%. When Rh Blood group among various skeletal pattern was analysed with Chi-square test, Rh positive blood group was found to be associated significantly with skeletal class II high angle malocclusion with p-value=0.025 and with Chi-square value of 7.392 (Table/Fig 4),(Table/Fig 5).
A statistically significant association was found between sagittal skeletal class I vertical mandibular pattern and O+ blood group with frequency distribution of 100%. When blood groups and Rh blood groups among various skeletal patterns were analysed with Chi-square test, sagittal skeletal class I vertical mandibular pattern was found to be associated significantly with blood group O+ with p-value <0.001 and Chi-square value of 31.00 (Table/Fig 6),(Table/Fig 7). A statistically significant association was found between female gender and sagittal skeletal class II high mandibular plane angle with a frequency distribution of 56.3% and when gender distribution among the various skeletal patterns were analysed with Chi-square test, the female gender was found to be associated significantly with sagittal skeletal class II high mandibular plane angle with p-value 0.049 and Chi-square value of 5.751 (Table/Fig 8),(Table/Fig 9).
Majority of the participants in the present study, belonged to B+ blood group and 54.6% comprised of skeletal class II malocclusion, 39.2% comprised of high mandibular plane angle and skeletal class II high angle comprised of 26.25%. Association of skeletal class II high mandibular plane angle malocclusion with Rh+ blood group was found to statistically significant at p-value <0.05 and association of sagittal skeletal class I vertical mandibular pattern with O+ blood group was also found to be statistically significant at p<0.001.
(Table/Fig 10) describes about various studies conducted previously regarding association of various oral pathology and blood groups (6),(31),(32),(33),(34),(35). Studies in medicine showed significant association of significant association of Rh+ blood group with skeletal class II high mandibular plane angle malocclusion but when the malocclusions were considered separately, Rh+ blood group showed insignificant association with skeletal class II or class I malocclusion or vertical skeletal pattern malocclusion. The results of the present study further showed that the association of skeletal class I vertical malocclusion was significant with the blood group O+.
Significant association between Rh+ blood group and skeletal class II vertical skeletal pattern malocclusion was found in this study. Thus, rejecting the null hypothesis considered for the present study. The possibility of such an association of Rh+ blood group with skeletal class II high mandibular plane angle malocclusion may be suggestive that the gene(s) controlling the Rh+ blood group might also control the phenotype skeletal class II high mandibular plane angle malocclusion. The possibility of such an association might also be due to increased incidence of Rh+ blood group in the recruited population. Hence, future studies with still larger population could reveal more specific associations between such phenotypes which would be of immense benefit for the scientific community pursuing the genetic research.
Limitation(s)
The results of the present study should be interpreted with caution as the representative sample showed a large incidence of Rh+ blood group. More specific association could be revealed by increasing the sample size of different ethnic origins.
There is an association between the ABO blood groups and skeletal sagittal malocclusion and vertical skeletal pattern. Skeletal class II malocclusion with high angle pattern was associated significantly with Rh+ blood group and class I skeletal malocclusion with high angle pattern was significantly associated with O+ blood group. Future genetic studies in the direction of determining the common gene for the expression of multiple phenotype would be beneficial and studies evaluating the association of blood group and oral habits in causing the malocclusion would help in determining the heritability of oral habits, if any.
DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2022/53495.16563
Date of Submission: Nov 30, 2021
Date of Peer Review: Jan 08, 2022
Date of Acceptance: Apr 08, 2022
Date of Publishing: Jul 01, 2022
AUTHOR DECLARATION:
• Financial or Other Competing Interests: None
• Was Ethics Committee Approval obtained for this study? Yes
• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects involved in the study? Yes
• For any images presented appropriate consent has been obtained from the subjects. NA
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