Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, ISSN - 0973 - 709X

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On Sep 2018




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Prof. Somashekhar Nimbalkar
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On Sep 2018




Dr. Kalyani R

"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research is at present a well-known Indian originated scientific journal which started with a humble beginning. I have been associated with this journal since many years. I appreciate the Editor, Dr. Hemant Jain, for his constant effort in bringing up this journal to the present status right from the scratch. The journal is multidisciplinary. It encourages in publishing the scientific articles from postgraduates and also the beginners who start their career. At the same time the journal also caters for the high quality articles from specialty and super-specialty researchers. Hence it provides a platform for the scientist and researchers to publish. The other aspect of it is, the readers get the information regarding the most recent developments in science which can be used for teaching, research, treating patients and to some extent take preventive measures against certain diseases. The journal is contributing immensely to the society at national and international level."



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Dr. Saumya Navit

"As a peer-reviewed journal, the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research provides an opportunity to researchers, scientists and budding professionals to explore the developments in the field of medicine and dentistry and their varied specialities, thus extending our view on biological diversities of living species in relation to medicine.
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Professor and Head
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Saraswati Dental College
Lucknow
On Sep 2018




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On Aug 2018




Dr. Arundhathi. S
"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR) is a reputed peer reviewed journal and is constantly involved in publishing high quality research articles related to medicine. Its been a great pleasure to be associated with this esteemed journal as a reviewer and as an author for a couple of years. The editorial board consists of many dedicated and reputed experts as its members and they are doing an appreciable work in guiding budding researchers. JCDR is doing a commendable job in scientific research by promoting excellent quality research & review articles and case reports & series. The reviewers provide appropriate suggestions that improve the quality of articles. I strongly recommend my fraternity to encourage JCDR by contributing their valuable research work in this widely accepted, user friendly journal. I hope my collaboration with JCDR will continue for a long time".



Dr. Arundhathi. S
MBBS, MD (Pathology),
Sanjay Gandhi institute of trauma and orthopedics,
Bengaluru.
On Aug 2018




Dr. Mamta Gupta,
"It gives me great pleasure to be associated with JCDR, since last 2-3 years. Since then I have authored, co-authored and reviewed about 25 articles in JCDR. I thank JCDR for giving me an opportunity to improve my own skills as an author and a reviewer.
It 's a multispecialty journal, publishing high quality articles. It gives a platform to the authors to publish their research work which can be available for everyone across the globe to read. The best thing about JCDR is that the full articles of all medical specialties are available as pdf/html for reading free of cost or without institutional subscription, which is not there for other journals. For those who have problem in writing manuscript or do statistical work, JCDR comes for their rescue.
The journal has a monthly publication and the articles are published quite fast. In time compared to other journals. The on-line first publication is also a great advantage and facility to review one's own articles before going to print. The response to any query and permission if required, is quite fast; this is quite commendable. I have a very good experience about seeking quick permission for quoting a photograph (Fig.) from a JCDR article for my chapter authored in an E book. I never thought it would be so easy. No hassles.
Reviewing articles is no less a pain staking process and requires in depth perception, knowledge about the topic for review. It requires time and concentration, yet I enjoy doing it. The JCDR website especially for the reviewers is quite user friendly. My suggestions for improving the journal is, more strict review process, so that only high quality articles are published. I find a a good number of articles in Obst. Gynae, hence, a new journal for this specialty titled JCDR-OG can be started. May be a bimonthly or quarterly publication to begin with. Only selected articles should find a place in it.
An yearly reward for the best article authored can also incentivize the authors. Though the process of finding the best article will be not be very easy. I do not know how reviewing process can be improved. If an article is being reviewed by two reviewers, then opinion of one can be communicated to the other or the final opinion of the editor can be communicated to the reviewer if requested for. This will help one’s reviewing skills.
My best wishes to Dr. Hemant Jain and all the editorial staff of JCDR for their untiring efforts to bring out this journal. I strongly recommend medical fraternity to publish their valuable research work in this esteemed journal, JCDR".



Dr. Mamta Gupta
Consultant
(Ex HOD Obs &Gynae, Hindu Rao Hospital and associated NDMC Medical College, Delhi)
Aug 2018




Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey

"I wish to thank Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), for asking me to write up few words.
Writing is the representation of language in a textual medium i e; into the words and sentences on paper. Quality medical manuscript writing in particular, demands not only a high-quality research, but also requires accurate and concise communication of findings and conclusions, with adherence to particular journal guidelines. In medical field whether working in teaching, private, or in corporate institution, everyone wants to excel in his / her own field and get recognised by making manuscripts publication.


Authors are the souls of any journal, and deserve much respect. To publish a journal manuscripts are needed from authors. Authors have a great responsibility for producing facts of their work in terms of number and results truthfully and an individual honesty is expected from authors in this regards. Both ways its true "No authors-No manuscripts-No journals" and "No journals–No manuscripts–No authors". Reviewing a manuscript is also a very responsible and important task of any peer-reviewed journal and to be taken seriously. It needs knowledge on the subject, sincerity, honesty and determination. Although the process of reviewing a manuscript is a time consuming task butit is expected to give one's best remarks within the time frame of the journal.
Salient features of the JCDR: It is a biomedical, multidisciplinary (including all medical and dental specialities), e-journal, with wide scope and extensive author support. At the same time, a free text of manuscript is available in HTML and PDF format. There is fast growing authorship and readership with JCDR as this can be judged by the number of articles published in it i e; in Feb 2007 of its first issue, it contained 5 articles only, and now in its recent volume published in April 2011, it contained 67 manuscripts. This e-journal is fulfilling the commitments and objectives sincerely, (as stated by Editor-in-chief in his preface to first edition) i e; to encourage physicians through the internet, especially from the developing countries who witness a spectrum of disease and acquire a wealth of knowledge to publish their experiences to benefit the medical community in patients care. I also feel that many of us have work of substance, newer ideas, adequate clinical materials but poor in medical writing and hesitation to submit the work and need help. JCDR provides authors help in this regards.
Timely publication of journal: Publication of manuscripts and bringing out the issue in time is one of the positive aspects of JCDR and is possible with strong support team in terms of peer reviewers, proof reading, language check, computer operators, etc. This is one of the great reasons for authors to submit their work with JCDR. Another best part of JCDR is "Online first Publications" facilities available for the authors. This facility not only provides the prompt publications of the manuscripts but at the same time also early availability of the manuscripts for the readers.
Indexation and online availability: Indexation transforms the journal in some sense from its local ownership to the worldwide professional community and to the public.JCDR is indexed with Embase & EMbiology, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, Chemical Abstracts Service, Journal seek Database, Indian Science Abstracts, to name few of them. Manuscriptspublished in JCDR are available on major search engines ie; google, yahoo, msn.
In the era of fast growing newer technologies, and in computer and internet friendly environment the manuscripts preparation, submission, review, revision, etc and all can be done and checked with a click from all corer of the world, at any time. Of course there is always a scope for improvement in every field and none is perfect. To progress, one needs to identify the areas of one's weakness and to strengthen them.
It is well said that "happy beginning is half done" and it fits perfectly with JCDR. It has grown considerably and I feel it has already grown up from its infancy to adolescence, achieving the status of standard online e-journal form Indian continent since its inception in Feb 2007. This had been made possible due to the efforts and the hard work put in it. The way the JCDR is improving with every new volume, with good quality original manuscripts, makes it a quality journal for readers. I must thank and congratulate Dr Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief JCDR and his team for their sincere efforts, dedication, and determination for making JCDR a fast growing journal.
Every one of us: authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher are responsible for enhancing the stature of the journal. I wish for a great success for JCDR."



Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011




Dr. Shankar P.R.

"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
Areas for improvement: In certain cases, I felt that the peer review process of the manuscripts was not up to international standards and that it should be strengthened. Also, the number of manuscripts in an issue is high and it may be difficult for readers to go through all of them. The journal can consider tightening of the peer review process and increasing the quality standards for the acceptance of the manuscripts. I faced occasional problems with the online manuscript submission (Pre-publishing) system, which have to be addressed.
Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."



Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011
Anuradha

Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.


Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020

Important Notice

Original article / research
Year : 2022 | Month : July | Volume : 16 | Issue : 7 | Page : BC01 - BC03 Full Version

Efficacy of Sodium Fluoride as an Anticoagulant in the Estimation of Glycated Haemoglobin in Diabetic Patients: An Alternative to EDTA


Published: July 1, 2022 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2022/55585.16564
Gayathri Kini, Anurag Yadav, Ramlinga Reddy, Malathi Mala, Nandakumar Kumar L Golla, Golla Yadav Anmol Manaswini

1. MBBS Student, Father Muller Medical College & Hospital, Mangalore, Karnataka, India. 2. Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, MNR Medical College & Hospital, Sangareddy, Telangana, India. 3. Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, SSIMS Davangere, Davangere, Karnataka, India. 4. Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Father Muller Medical College & Hospital, Mangalore, Karnataka, India. 5. Professor, Department of Physiology, MNR Medical College & Hospital, Sangareddy, Telangana, India. 6. Resident, Department of General Medicine, Malla Reddy Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Correspondence Address :
Dr. Anurag Yadav,
Sidhi Vinayaka Hospitals, H.No: 10-43, Plot No 149, Road No:5; Sangareddy-502295, Telangana, India.
E-mail: yadav.anurag52@gmail.com

Abstract

Introduction: Vacutainer used for collecting blood sample for plasma glucose estimation contains sodium fluoride (NaF) as an additive and for Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) an Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid (EDTA) tube. This necessitates additional blood to be collected for testing from the same patient at same period of time.

Aim: To evaluate difference in the HbA1c values in blood samples collected in EDTA and NaF coated vacutainers.

Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Biochemistry section of central laboratory, Father Muller Medical College and Hospital, Mangalore, Karnataka, India, for the duration of two months (June to July 2018). The samples drawn for fasting plasma glucose estimation in NaF vacutainer and for HbA1c estimation in EDTA sample of same patients was included in present study. The data were entered in the statistical software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0.

Results: Samples from 140 patients whose blood had been drawn for fasting plasma glucose levels and estimation of HbA1c in which 80 subjects were males and 60 females with mean age of 54.4±13.6 years. There were no significant changes in the mean levels of HbA1c in EDTA and NaF tubes (8.61±1.93 and 8.64±1.93 respectively).

Conclusion: Current results exclude the absolute necessity for the blood collection in EDTA vacutainers for HbA1c estimation.

Keywords

Diabetes mellitus, Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, Fasting plasma glucose

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders due to absolute or relative insulin deficiency resulting in a condition called hyperglycaemia. Chronic hyperglycaemia is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction and failure of different organs especially eyes, kidneys, nerves and heart (1). There is a rapid increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus globally approaching epidemic proportions. According to the World Diabetes Atlas, India has around 51 million people with diabetes and has been designated as the diabetes capital of the world (2),(3). There are an estimated 285 million people currently with diabetes worldwide and this number is likely to increase to 438 million by the year 2030 (4). Wild S et al., have predicted a similar two fold escalation in the prevalence of diabetes in the world as a whole, with a maximum increase in India afflicting upto 79.4 million individuals (5). Hence diabetes is a major healthcare problem in India.

To diagnose and monitor the treatment efficiency, fasting plasma glucose and 2nd hour plasma glucose levels, oral Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT) and HbA1c are commonly estimated in the laboratory. Vacutainer used for collecting blood sample for Fasting Blood Glucose (FBS) and Post Prandial Blood Sugar (PPBS), and GTT contains NaF as additive and potassium oxalate as the anticoagulant. American Diabetes Association (ADA) and World Health Organisation (WHO) recommended that criteria for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus should be HbA1c level equal or above 6.5% (1).

For estimation of HbA1c, techniques such as immunoassay, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), affinity chromatography are used. Of these, HPLC has been recommended as the gold standard (6). For all these methods, blood is collected in an EDTA vacutainer. EDTA is used to prepare haemolysate from red blood cells. NaF can also act as a haemolysing agent (6),(7),(8). This can help in negating the necessity of drawing a second blood sample from a patient who has already given a sample for estimation of fasting blood glucose. There are limited studies conducted to rule out any interference between the types of vacutainer with HbA1c estimation (7),(8). Study aimed to evaluate if there was any difference in the HbA1c values in blood samples collected in EDTA and NaF coated vacutainers.

Material and Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted at Biochemistry section of central laboratory, Father Muller Medical College and Hospital, Mangalore, Karnataka, India, for the duration of two months (June to July 2018). The ethics clearance from the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) was obtained prior to start of study (FMMCIEC/CCM/371/2018).

Sample size calculation: The study included the samples drawn fasting plasma glucose estimation in NaF vacutainer and for HbA1c estimation in EDTA sample at same period of time. The sample size was calculated using the SPPS sample-power calculator for the power of >80% and p-value <0.05 which was estimated as 119 minimum number, study included total of 140 samples.

Inclusion criteria: The study included the samples from diabetic patients coming for routine health check-up at the endocrine and general medicine Out Patient Department (OPD) and hence informed consent wasn’t required.

Exclusion criteria: Samples which are insufficient or haemolysed and drawn at different interval of time were excluded.

Data collection methodology: Fasting sample of 2 mL blood in NaF and EDTA vacutainers were collected. The HbA1c in fluoride and EDTA tubes estimated after mixing the sample 6-8 times by inverse before estimation. The samples were analysed for HbA1c in both types of samples by using the Bio-Rad Variant Turbo-II instrument based on chromatographic separation of the analytes by ion-exchange HPLC technique (9).

Tool: Instruments used: i) A three minute short program that allows the area percent determination of HbA1c using the Bio-Rad Variant Turbo-II instrument. ii) Dual program HbA1c Calibration/ Diluent set. iii) Pipettes. The Bio-Rad Variant Turbo II haemoglobin testing system uses the ion-exchange HPLC technique with a dual pump and buffer gradient to provide the well defined HbA1c peak separation that helps to deliver a good HbA1c result. The lab uses the Variant II Turbo HbA1c Kit-2.0 with interchangeable kit components for long shelf life, which provides 2500 test per kit with one calibration per cartridge. The reagent replacements included cartridge, prefilter, Buffer #1, Buffer #2, Buffer #3 (if used), and wash/diluent replacements.

Quality control: Once the cartridge had been calibrated, quality controls were run as follows:

Sample #1 Diabetes Control level 1
Sample #2 Diabetes Control level 2

Statistical Analysis

The data were entered in the statistical software SPSS version 23 institution licensed, and results were presented as Mean±Standard Deviation (SD). The mean difference of HbA1c between the groups was tested using student’s t-test, a p-value <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Strength of association between the measurements was analysed by Pearson’s correlation and the linear regression to derive the equation and model fit R2.

Results

Samples from 140 patients whose blood had been drawn for fasting blood glucose levels and estimation of HbA1c were included in the study. QC value during the analysis of the patient samples for the study; was 5.5% for Bio-Rad level 1 control and 9.5% for the Bio-Rad level 2 controls. The gender and mean age is shown in (Table/Fig 1).

This study showed no significant changes in the measured levels of HbA1c when it was measured using vacutainers containing different anticoagulants; EDTA and NaF. Approximately 95% of HbA1c test requests were accompanied by the blood sugar testing request in same patient, drawn at same time (Table/Fig 2).

The correlation between the HbA1c measured in two different vacutainers, showed very strong strength of association between the levels with r=0.999, p<0.001. (Table/Fig 3) shows linear regression to assess the strength of association between the measured levels of HbA1c in both the vacutainers, and it showed an equation of y = 0.999x + 0.044 & R² = 0.998 with a strong association between the levels measured and model of fit. Difference between the measurements in both the tubes was assessed as the mean Bias% which is 0.004% (Table/Fig 4). The overall testing method accuracy and precision was acceptable during present study.

Discussion

The HbA1c is an established index for average blood glucose level and is the recommended method for diagnosis of diabetes and monitoring glycemic control (9). Prolonged hyperglycaemia results in the production of dominant HbA1c formed by the non enzymatic binding of circulating glucose to N-terminal valine of haemoglobin β-chain. The binding is directly proportional to blood glucose levels. Hence greater levels of HbA1c is a reflection of the degree of elevated blood glucose level (10). Measurement of HbA1c concentration helps distinguish between reactive and diabetic hyperglycaemia and can safely be requested from the original glucose tube (11).

The level of fasting plasma glucose reflects the real-time glycaemic position of the patient at the time of sample collection, whereas the HbA1c concentration indicates the glycaemic status over the last 90-120 days. Both these concentrations have clinical relevance in diabetes monitoring because they provide complementary information. Simultaneous requests of HbA1c and plasma glucose levels are common, the results may cause alteration of the therapeutic regime (11).

HbA1c is an important laboratory test not only for diagnosis but also is an invaluable tool for monitoring longitudinal glycaemic control and evaluate quality of care. Thus it is useful in setting definite treatment goals and management decisions. Awareness of these and successful standardisation of HbA1c testing has led to considerable improvement in the comparability of results (12).

Using same vacutainer for two tests in turn reduces the cost of HbA1c test, which undoubtedly is a costly test in India. In present study, HbA1c was estimated in 140 blood samples collected in NaF tubes and the values compared with the results obtained in EDTA samples to determine if there was any variations in HbA1C level.Venous blood samples from suspected diabetes and confirmed diabetic patients were collected in commercially available EDTA, and NaF tubes (BD Ltd) as per the manufacturer’s instructions. HbA1c was estimated using Bio-Rad variant II turbo cation exchange HPLC analyser. No significant changes in the HbA1C values were observed between the samples taken in different tubes. Similar results were revealed in study conducted by Mailankot M et al., who conducted on four samples of patients compared in the EDTA, Heparin, Citrate and Fluoride tubes, which were comparable (7). Other studies also concluded that HbA1c levels were not affected by the type of anticoagulant used (7),(8),(9),(11).

Similarly, study by Kalita S et al., reported no significant difference in HbA1C value collected in EDTA vials and fluoride vials (13). In concordance Kumawat R et al., documented no significant changes in HbA1c values between EDTA and fluoride/oxalate vacutainers estimated on same day as well as after seven days of sample storage at -20°C (14). To strengthen similar findings, Konar S et al., documented a good correlation of HbA1c from both EDTA and Fluoride vials and no statistical significant difference in the mean levels HbA1c in EDTA (6.2±1.8) and Fluoride vials (6.1±1.9) (15).

For routine blood investigations in the laboratory, different anticoagulants/ additives are required during blood collection based on the test requested. The commercially available kits for HbA1c estimation by the HPLC/Immunoturbidometric method require blood samples to be collected in EDTA tubes. Therefore, an additional blood sample has to be usually collected from the patient (7). Routinely, simultaneous request for HbA1c and plasma glucose measurement are common.

A high prevalence of diabetes in India with its large population would further drain the overburdened healthcare system (2),(3). Maximum utilization of available resources and ways to diagnose the condition in a cost-effective manner is thus the need of the hour, which can be achieved by cutting the cost of an additional EDTA tube for HbA1c when same can be analysed in the NaF tubes. Moreover, it would be a patient and phlebotomist friendly measure avoiding the need of collecting a second blood sample. Furthermore, if on testing for fasting/ random blood glucose level it is detected that there is hyperglycaemia, HbA1c can be assessed from the same NaF tube instead of calling back the patient for another sample collection when indicated especially since HbA1c is not affected by fasting/ non fasting status of the patient.

Limitation(s)

The present study had some limitations, which included, the single centric study, with limited number of samples tested. The study tested HbA1c estimation in two types of vacutainer by HPLC technique. The study can be expanded to various type of sample tubes and also different method of HbA1c estimation which include capillary method, electrophoresis, immuno-turbidometric method.

Conclusion

Current results excluded the absolute necessity for the blood collection in EDTA vacutainers for HbA1c estimation. Although the kit recommends the use of EDTA vacutainers, there is no harm in using the other anticoagulants like NaF tube which is used in estimating fasting glucose levels in diabetic patients on their follow-up. Using same vacutainer for two tests in turn reduces the cost of HbA1c test, which undoubtedly is a costly test in India.

References

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Zvarova K, Zvarova Z, Callas PW, Malone-Rising D. New estimates of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes prevalence in Mexican Quintana Roo. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2013;33(1):08-12. [crossref]
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Joshi SR, Parikh RM. India; the diabetes capital of the world: Now heading towards hypertension. J Assoc Physicians India. 2007;55(Y):323.
3.
Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Kapur A, Vijay V, Mohan V, Das AK, et al. High prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in India: National Urban Diabetes Survey. Diabetologia. 2001;44(9):1094-101. [crossref] [PubMed]
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Anjana RM, Ali MK, Pradeepa R, Deepa M, Datta M, Unnikrishnan R, et al. The need for obtaining accurate nationwide estimates of diabetes prevalence in India-rationale for a national study on diabetes. The Indian J Med Res. 2011;133(4):369.
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Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(5):1047-53. [crossref] [PubMed]
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Singh B, Singh K, Mahdi AA. Estimation of glycated hemoglobin sample in sodium fluoride vacutainer: A better option. J Clin Exp Invest. 2014;5(2):336-38. [crossref]
7.
Mailankot M, Thomas T, Praveena P, Jacob J, Benjamin JR, Vasudevan DM. Various anticoagulants and fluoride do not affect HbA1C level. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2012;27(2):209. [crossref] [PubMed]
8.
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DOI and Others

DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2022/55585.16564

Date of Submission: Feb 10, 2022
Date of Peer Review: Mar 26, 2022
Date of Acceptance: Apr 25, 2022
Date of Publishing: Jul 01, 2022

AUTHOR DECLARATION:
• Financial or Other Competing Interests: None
• Was Ethics Committee Approval obtained for this study? Yes
• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects involved in the study? No
• For any images presented appropriate consent has been obtained from the subjects. NA

PLAGIARISM CHECKING METHODS:
• Plagiarism X-checker: Feb 12, 2022
• Manual Googling: Apr 22, 2022
• iThenticate Software: Apr 23, 2022 (18%)

ETYMOLOGY: Author Origin

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