Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, ISSN - 0973 - 709X

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On Sep 2018




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"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research is at present a well-known Indian originated scientific journal which started with a humble beginning. I have been associated with this journal since many years. I appreciate the Editor, Dr. Hemant Jain, for his constant effort in bringing up this journal to the present status right from the scratch. The journal is multidisciplinary. It encourages in publishing the scientific articles from postgraduates and also the beginners who start their career. At the same time the journal also caters for the high quality articles from specialty and super-specialty researchers. Hence it provides a platform for the scientist and researchers to publish. The other aspect of it is, the readers get the information regarding the most recent developments in science which can be used for teaching, research, treating patients and to some extent take preventive measures against certain diseases. The journal is contributing immensely to the society at national and international level."



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On Aug 2018




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Dr. Arundhathi. S
MBBS, MD (Pathology),
Sanjay Gandhi institute of trauma and orthopedics,
Bengaluru.
On Aug 2018




Dr. Mamta Gupta,
"It gives me great pleasure to be associated with JCDR, since last 2-3 years. Since then I have authored, co-authored and reviewed about 25 articles in JCDR. I thank JCDR for giving me an opportunity to improve my own skills as an author and a reviewer.
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Dr. Mamta Gupta
Consultant
(Ex HOD Obs &Gynae, Hindu Rao Hospital and associated NDMC Medical College, Delhi)
Aug 2018




Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey

"I wish to thank Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), for asking me to write up few words.
Writing is the representation of language in a textual medium i e; into the words and sentences on paper. Quality medical manuscript writing in particular, demands not only a high-quality research, but also requires accurate and concise communication of findings and conclusions, with adherence to particular journal guidelines. In medical field whether working in teaching, private, or in corporate institution, everyone wants to excel in his / her own field and get recognised by making manuscripts publication.


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Salient features of the JCDR: It is a biomedical, multidisciplinary (including all medical and dental specialities), e-journal, with wide scope and extensive author support. At the same time, a free text of manuscript is available in HTML and PDF format. There is fast growing authorship and readership with JCDR as this can be judged by the number of articles published in it i e; in Feb 2007 of its first issue, it contained 5 articles only, and now in its recent volume published in April 2011, it contained 67 manuscripts. This e-journal is fulfilling the commitments and objectives sincerely, (as stated by Editor-in-chief in his preface to first edition) i e; to encourage physicians through the internet, especially from the developing countries who witness a spectrum of disease and acquire a wealth of knowledge to publish their experiences to benefit the medical community in patients care. I also feel that many of us have work of substance, newer ideas, adequate clinical materials but poor in medical writing and hesitation to submit the work and need help. JCDR provides authors help in this regards.
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Every one of us: authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher are responsible for enhancing the stature of the journal. I wish for a great success for JCDR."



Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011




Dr. Shankar P.R.

"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
Areas for improvement: In certain cases, I felt that the peer review process of the manuscripts was not up to international standards and that it should be strengthened. Also, the number of manuscripts in an issue is high and it may be difficult for readers to go through all of them. The journal can consider tightening of the peer review process and increasing the quality standards for the acceptance of the manuscripts. I faced occasional problems with the online manuscript submission (Pre-publishing) system, which have to be addressed.
Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."



Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011
Anuradha

Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.


Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020

Important Notice

Original article / research
Year : 2009 | Month : June | Volume : 3 | Issue : 3 | Page : 1553 - 1556 Full Version

Trends In Prescribing Gastroprotective Agents With Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs In An Orthopaedic Outpatient Unit Of A Tertiary Care Hospital


Published: June 1, 2009 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2009/.480
RAGHAVENDRA B *, NARENDRANATH SANJI**, ULLAL S D***, Kamath R****, PAI MRSM*****, KAMATH S******, Savur A*******

Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore- 575001, India.

Correspondence Address :
Dr. Ullal Sheetal D.,Deptt. of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College,
Light House Hill Road, Mangalore, India. mail:sheetal.ullal@manipal.edu
Ph: 9448306242

Abstract

Background: Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most common drugs prescribed the world over. However, they have many adverse effects, especially gastrointestinal toxicity, which is the reason for their frequent co-prescription with gastroprotective agents. Misoprostol, has been specifically approved for prevention of NSAID-induced ulcers in high-risk patients. Proton pump inhibitors too have been used with outstanding efficacy for this indication.
Aim: This drug utilization study was conducted to study the co-administration of NSAIDs with gastroprotective drugs in an Orthopaedic Outpatient Unit of an urban, tertiary care, teaching hospital.
Settings and Design: A prospective drug utilization study
Patients and Methods: This was a prospective study conducted in the Orthopaedic Outpatient Unit of an urban, tertiary care, teaching hospital, for six months. Prescriptions were collected from patients attending the Orthopaedic Outpatients Department. The co-prescription of NSAIDs with gastroprotective agents was analyzed.
Results: A total of 1008 prescriptions were studied; 884 prescriptions contained NSAIDs, out of which 288 (32.58%) were co-prescribed with gastroprotective agents. The most common gastroprotective agents combined with NSAIDs were Proton pump inhibitors (81.19%). H2 receptor blockers were a distant second (17.81%), while Misoprostol was not used at all.
Conclusion: NSAIDs are commonly co-prescribed with gastroprotectives. Diclofenac is the most commonly co-prescribed NSAID, while Naproxen was least commonly co-prescribed with gastroprotectives. Proton pump inhibitors were most frequently used, while Misoprostol was not used at all, probably because of its higher costs, frequent side effects and the need for multiple daily dosing.

Keywords

NSAIDs, gastoprotectives, drug utilization study

Introduction
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most commonly used medicines in the world. They have a wide variety of indications for use, ranging from treatment of acute pain to more chronic conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. These agents exert their effect by inhibiting the activity of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, with a resultant reduction in prostaglandin synthesis and an alleviation of the inflammatory response(1). Their association with gastrointestinal toxicity – dyspepsia, peptic ulcers and gastrointestinal bleeds is well known(2).

The demonstration of two unique isoforms of cyclooxygenase (designated COX-1 and COX-2) has led to a greater understanding of the mechanism of action of NSAIDs and has also provided an explanation for their toxicity(1). Selective COX-2 inhibitors were developed with the aim of minimizing gastrointestinal toxicity, while maintaining anti-inflammatory activity(3). However, clinical and experimental data, as well as reviews suggest that the long term use of selective COX-2 inhibitors is associated with an increase in systolic blood pressure and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality due to myocardial infarction(4),(5).

The use of NSAIDs is an important predisposing factor for peptic ulcer disease in the community. Approximately 10-20% of patients who receive long-term NSAID therapy develop asymptomatic peptic ulceration and ulcer-related complications (bleeding and perforation) develop in 1-2% of persons per year(6). This warrants a cautious use of NSAIDs in high risk individuals who include the elderly, those already receiving gastro-toxic agents and those with a history of gastro-intestinal diseases(7). So, the best alternative in such individuals would be the co-administration of NSAIDs with gastroprotective drugs. Misoprostol, an analog of prostaglandin E1, has been specifically approved for the prevention of NSAID-induced ulcers in high-risk patients. Proton pump inhibitors too, have been used with outstanding efficacy for this indication.

Drug utilization studies are continuing programmes that review, analyze and interpret the pattern of drug use against pre-determined standards. This drug utilization study was conducted to study the co-administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with gastroprotective drugs in an Orthopaedic Outpatient Unit of an urban, tertiary care, teaching hospital.

Material and Methods

Patients and Methods
A prospective study was conducted in the Orthopaedic Outpatient Unit of an urban, tertiary care, teaching hospital, during July and August 2006. Prescriptions were collected from patients attending the Orthopaedic Outpatients Department. The co-prescription of NSAIDs with gastroprotective agents was analyzed. The Institutional Ethics Committee’s approval was obtained before starting the study.

The use of gastroprotective agents with the 12 most commonly prescribed NSAID preparations, either as monotherapy or Fixed Dose Combinations (FDC), was analyzed in detail.

Results

Total number of prescriptions : 1008
Number of prescriptions with oral NSAIDs: 884
Number of prescriptions with gastroprotective agents: 303
Number of prescriptions with oral NSAIDs and gastroprotective agents: 288 (32.58%)
The gastroprotective agents prescribed were proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) (81.19%), H2 antagonists (17.82%) and antacids (0.99%). None of the other gastroprotective agents were used. The different drugs used in these groups are shown in (Table/Fig 1).

The use of gastroprotective agents along with the 12 commonly used NSAIDs, either as monotherapy or FDCs, is shown in (Table/Fig 2). The NSAID which was most commonly used with gastroprotectives was Diclofenac. Naproxen was the least used NSAID with a gastroprotective agent.

Discussion

When gastric side effects are a cause of concern, non selective COX inhibitors are co-prescribed with an anti-ulcer agent. The use of selective COX-2 inhibitors seems to have decreased after the cardiac adverse effects which were observed with these drugs(4),(5).

Diclofenac was the most commonly co-prescribed NSAID with a gastroprotective agent - 69.60%. Naproxen was least commonly co-prescribed with a gastroprotective agent - 1.96%.

Proton pump inhibitors were the most commonly used gastroprotective agents, followed by H2 antagonists. Literature too suggests that Proton pump inhibitors produce more sustained acid suppression as compared to H2 blockers (8) and promote ulcer healing despite continued NSAID therapy (6). Antacids were rarely used, and rightly so, since they are indicated only for symptomatic relief of pain and are associated with a number of drug interactions, thereby restricting their rational indication (9). Misoprostol, the drug indicated for the prophylaxis of high risk individuals, was not used at all (7). This may be because of various reasons including the higher cost, frequent side effects and the need for multiple daily dosing of Misoprostol. In any case, similar or even better efficacy is obtained by Proton pump inhibitors in preventing and/or treating NSAID-induced peptic ulcers.

Key Message

• NSAIDs are commonly co-prescribed with gastroprotectives.
• Diclofenac is the NSAID which is most commonly co-prescribed with gastroprotectives.
• Proton pump inhibitors are the gastroprotectives which are most frequently co-prescribed with NSAIDs.
• Misoprostol was not used at all, probably because of its higher costs, frequent side effects and the need for multiple daily dosing.

Acknowledgement

The work should be attributed to The Departments of Pharmacology and Orthopaedics, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka.

References

1.
. Fitzgerald GA, Patrono C. The Coxibs, selective inhibitors of Cyclooxygenase-2. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:433-42.
2.
. Chan FKL, Leung WK. Peptic-ulcer disease. Lancet 2002; 360:933-41.
3.
. Hawkey CJ. COX – 2 inhibitors. Lancet 1999; 353:307- 14.
4.
. Mukherjee D, Nissen SE, Topol EJ. Risk of cardiovascular events associated with selective COX-2 inhibitors. JAMA 2001; 286: 954-9.
5.
. Jain S, Gupta M, Malhotra S, Pandhi P. Effect of Rofecoxib on antihypertensive effects of Candesartan in experimental models of hypertension. Meth Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2005; 27:11-6.
6.
. McQuaid K R. Drugs used in the treatment of Gastrointestinal Diseases. In: Katzung BG, editor. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. 10th ed. McGraw Hill;2007.p.1009-1019.
7.
. Sean CS, editor, Martindale. The complete drug reference. 33rd ed.Great Britain: Pharmaceutical press; 2002. 1208, 1250-1, 64.
8.
. Willemijntje AH, Pankaj JP. Agents used for control of gastric acidity and treatment of peptic ulcer and Gastrooesophageal reflux disease. In: Joel GH, Lee EL, Alfred GG, editors. Goodman and Gilman’s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics.10th ed. NewYork: McGraw-Hill;2001.p. 1006-7.
9.
. Laurence DR. Bennett PN. Brown MJ. Clinical Pharmacology.8th ed. NewYork: Churchill Livingstone; 1997.567-78, 26-7.

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