JCDR - Register at Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research
Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, ISSN - 0973 - 709X

Users Online : 2138

Advertisers Access Statistics Resources

Dr Bhanu K Bhakhri

"The Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR) has been in operation since almost a decade. It has contributed a huge number of peer reviewed articles, across a spectrum of medical disciplines, to the medical literature.
Its wide based indexing and open access publications attracts many authors as well as readers
For authors, the manuscripts can be uploaded online through an easily navigable portal, on other hand, reviewers appreciate the systematic handling of all manuscripts. The way JCDR has emerged as an effective medium for publishing wide array of observations in Indian context, I wish the editorial team success in their endeavour"



Dr Bhanu K Bhakhri
Faculty, Pediatric Medicine
Super Speciality Paediatric Hospital and Post Graduate Teaching Institute, Noida
On Sep 2018



Dr Mohan Z Mani

"Thank you very much for having published my article in record time.I would like to compliment you and your entire staff for your promptness, courtesy, and willingness to be customer friendly, which is quite unusual.I was given your reference by a colleague in pathology,and was able to directly phone your editorial office for clarifications.I would particularly like to thank the publication managers and the Assistant Editor who were following up my article. I would also like to thank you for adjusting the money I paid initially into payment for my modified article,and refunding the balance.
I wish all success to your journal and look forward to sending you any suitable similar article in future"



Dr Mohan Z Mani,
Professor & Head,
Department of Dematolgy,
Believers Church Medical College,
Thiruvalla, Kerala
On Sep 2018



Prof. Somashekhar Nimbalkar

"Over the last few years, we have published our research regularly in Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. Having published in more than 20 high impact journals over the last five years including several high impact ones and reviewing articles for even more journals across my fields of interest, we value our published work in JCDR for their high standards in publishing scientific articles. The ease of submission, the rapid reviews in under a month, the high quality of their reviewers and keen attention to the final process of proofs and publication, ensure that there are no mistakes in the final article. We have been asked clarifications on several occasions and have been happy to provide them and it exemplifies the commitment to quality of the team at JCDR."



Prof. Somashekhar Nimbalkar
Head, Department of Pediatrics, Pramukhswami Medical College, Karamsad
Chairman, Research Group, Charutar Arogya Mandal, Karamsad
National Joint Coordinator - Advanced IAP NNF NRP Program
Ex-Member, Governing Body, National Neonatology Forum, New Delhi
Ex-President - National Neonatology Forum Gujarat State Chapter
Department of Pediatrics, Pramukhswami Medical College, Karamsad, Anand, Gujarat.
On Sep 2018



Dr. Kalyani R

"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research is at present a well-known Indian originated scientific journal which started with a humble beginning. I have been associated with this journal since many years. I appreciate the Editor, Dr. Hemant Jain, for his constant effort in bringing up this journal to the present status right from the scratch. The journal is multidisciplinary. It encourages in publishing the scientific articles from postgraduates and also the beginners who start their career. At the same time the journal also caters for the high quality articles from specialty and super-specialty researchers. Hence it provides a platform for the scientist and researchers to publish. The other aspect of it is, the readers get the information regarding the most recent developments in science which can be used for teaching, research, treating patients and to some extent take preventive measures against certain diseases. The journal is contributing immensely to the society at national and international level."



Dr Kalyani R
Professor and Head
Department of Pathology
Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College
Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research , Kolar, Karnataka
On Sep 2018



Dr. Saumya Navit

"As a peer-reviewed journal, the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research provides an opportunity to researchers, scientists and budding professionals to explore the developments in the field of medicine and dentistry and their varied specialities, thus extending our view on biological diversities of living species in relation to medicine.
‘Knowledge is treasure of a wise man.’ The free access of this journal provides an immense scope of learning for the both the old and the young in field of medicine and dentistry as well. The multidisciplinary nature of the journal makes it a better platform to absorb all that is being researched and developed. The publication process is systematic and professional. Online submission, publication and peer reviewing makes it a user-friendly journal.
As an experienced dentist and an academician, I proudly recommend this journal to the dental fraternity as a good quality open access platform for rapid communication of their cutting-edge research progress and discovery.
I wish JCDR a great success and I hope that journal will soar higher with the passing time."



Dr Saumya Navit
Professor and Head
Department of Pediatric Dentistry
Saraswati Dental College
Lucknow
On Sep 2018



Dr. Arunava Biswas

"My sincere attachment with JCDR as an author as well as reviewer is a learning experience . Their systematic approach in publication of article in various categories is really praiseworthy.
Their prompt and timely response to review's query and the manner in which they have set the reviewing process helps in extracting the best possible scientific writings for publication.
It's a honour and pride to be a part of the JCDR team. My very best wishes to JCDR and hope it will sparkle up above the sky as a high indexed journal in near future."



Dr. Arunava Biswas
MD, DM (Clinical Pharmacology)
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmacology
Calcutta National Medical College & Hospital , Kolkata



Dr. C.S. Ramesh Babu
" Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR) is a multi-specialty medical and dental journal publishing high quality research articles in almost all branches of medicine. The quality of printing of figures and tables is excellent and comparable to any International journal. An added advantage is nominal publication charges and monthly issue of the journal and more chances of an article being accepted for publication. Moreover being a multi-specialty journal an article concerning a particular specialty has a wider reach of readers of other related specialties also. As an author and reviewer for several years I find this Journal most suitable and highly recommend this Journal."
Best regards,
C.S. Ramesh Babu,
Associate Professor of Anatomy,
Muzaffarnagar Medical College,
Muzaffarnagar.
On Aug 2018



Dr. Arundhathi. S
"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR) is a reputed peer reviewed journal and is constantly involved in publishing high quality research articles related to medicine. Its been a great pleasure to be associated with this esteemed journal as a reviewer and as an author for a couple of years. The editorial board consists of many dedicated and reputed experts as its members and they are doing an appreciable work in guiding budding researchers. JCDR is doing a commendable job in scientific research by promoting excellent quality research & review articles and case reports & series. The reviewers provide appropriate suggestions that improve the quality of articles. I strongly recommend my fraternity to encourage JCDR by contributing their valuable research work in this widely accepted, user friendly journal. I hope my collaboration with JCDR will continue for a long time".



Dr. Arundhathi. S
MBBS, MD (Pathology),
Sanjay Gandhi institute of trauma and orthopedics,
Bengaluru.
On Aug 2018



Dr. Mamta Gupta,
"It gives me great pleasure to be associated with JCDR, since last 2-3 years. Since then I have authored, co-authored and reviewed about 25 articles in JCDR. I thank JCDR for giving me an opportunity to improve my own skills as an author and a reviewer.
It 's a multispecialty journal, publishing high quality articles. It gives a platform to the authors to publish their research work which can be available for everyone across the globe to read. The best thing about JCDR is that the full articles of all medical specialties are available as pdf/html for reading free of cost or without institutional subscription, which is not there for other journals. For those who have problem in writing manuscript or do statistical work, JCDR comes for their rescue.
The journal has a monthly publication and the articles are published quite fast. In time compared to other journals. The on-line first publication is also a great advantage and facility to review one's own articles before going to print. The response to any query and permission if required, is quite fast; this is quite commendable. I have a very good experience about seeking quick permission for quoting a photograph (Fig.) from a JCDR article for my chapter authored in an E book. I never thought it would be so easy. No hassles.
Reviewing articles is no less a pain staking process and requires in depth perception, knowledge about the topic for review. It requires time and concentration, yet I enjoy doing it. The JCDR website especially for the reviewers is quite user friendly. My suggestions for improving the journal is, more strict review process, so that only high quality articles are published. I find a a good number of articles in Obst. Gynae, hence, a new journal for this specialty titled JCDR-OG can be started. May be a bimonthly or quarterly publication to begin with. Only selected articles should find a place in it.
An yearly reward for the best article authored can also incentivize the authors. Though the process of finding the best article will be not be very easy. I do not know how reviewing process can be improved. If an article is being reviewed by two reviewers, then opinion of one can be communicated to the other or the final opinion of the editor can be communicated to the reviewer if requested for. This will help one’s reviewing skills.
My best wishes to Dr. Hemant Jain and all the editorial staff of JCDR for their untiring efforts to bring out this journal. I strongly recommend medical fraternity to publish their valuable research work in this esteemed journal, JCDR".



Dr. Mamta Gupta
Consultant
(Ex HOD Obs &Gynae, Hindu Rao Hospital and associated NDMC Medical College, Delhi)
Aug 2018



Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey

"I wish to thank Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), for asking me to write up few words.
Writing is the representation of language in a textual medium i e; into the words and sentences on paper. Quality medical manuscript writing in particular, demands not only a high-quality research, but also requires accurate and concise communication of findings and conclusions, with adherence to particular journal guidelines. In medical field whether working in teaching, private, or in corporate institution, everyone wants to excel in his / her own field and get recognised by making manuscripts publication.


Authors are the souls of any journal, and deserve much respect. To publish a journal manuscripts are needed from authors. Authors have a great responsibility for producing facts of their work in terms of number and results truthfully and an individual honesty is expected from authors in this regards. Both ways its true "No authors-No manuscripts-No journals" and "No journals–No manuscripts–No authors". Reviewing a manuscript is also a very responsible and important task of any peer-reviewed journal and to be taken seriously. It needs knowledge on the subject, sincerity, honesty and determination. Although the process of reviewing a manuscript is a time consuming task butit is expected to give one's best remarks within the time frame of the journal.
Salient features of the JCDR: It is a biomedical, multidisciplinary (including all medical and dental specialities), e-journal, with wide scope and extensive author support. At the same time, a free text of manuscript is available in HTML and PDF format. There is fast growing authorship and readership with JCDR as this can be judged by the number of articles published in it i e; in Feb 2007 of its first issue, it contained 5 articles only, and now in its recent volume published in April 2011, it contained 67 manuscripts. This e-journal is fulfilling the commitments and objectives sincerely, (as stated by Editor-in-chief in his preface to first edition) i e; to encourage physicians through the internet, especially from the developing countries who witness a spectrum of disease and acquire a wealth of knowledge to publish their experiences to benefit the medical community in patients care. I also feel that many of us have work of substance, newer ideas, adequate clinical materials but poor in medical writing and hesitation to submit the work and need help. JCDR provides authors help in this regards.
Timely publication of journal: Publication of manuscripts and bringing out the issue in time is one of the positive aspects of JCDR and is possible with strong support team in terms of peer reviewers, proof reading, language check, computer operators, etc. This is one of the great reasons for authors to submit their work with JCDR. Another best part of JCDR is "Online first Publications" facilities available for the authors. This facility not only provides the prompt publications of the manuscripts but at the same time also early availability of the manuscripts for the readers.
Indexation and online availability: Indexation transforms the journal in some sense from its local ownership to the worldwide professional community and to the public.JCDR is indexed with Embase & EMbiology, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, Chemical Abstracts Service, Journal seek Database, Indian Science Abstracts, to name few of them. Manuscriptspublished in JCDR are available on major search engines ie; google, yahoo, msn.
In the era of fast growing newer technologies, and in computer and internet friendly environment the manuscripts preparation, submission, review, revision, etc and all can be done and checked with a click from all corer of the world, at any time. Of course there is always a scope for improvement in every field and none is perfect. To progress, one needs to identify the areas of one's weakness and to strengthen them.
It is well said that "happy beginning is half done" and it fits perfectly with JCDR. It has grown considerably and I feel it has already grown up from its infancy to adolescence, achieving the status of standard online e-journal form Indian continent since its inception in Feb 2007. This had been made possible due to the efforts and the hard work put in it. The way the JCDR is improving with every new volume, with good quality original manuscripts, makes it a quality journal for readers. I must thank and congratulate Dr Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief JCDR and his team for their sincere efforts, dedication, and determination for making JCDR a fast growing journal.
Every one of us: authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher are responsible for enhancing the stature of the journal. I wish for a great success for JCDR."



Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011



Dr. Shankar P.R.

"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
Areas for improvement: In certain cases, I felt that the peer review process of the manuscripts was not up to international standards and that it should be strengthened. Also, the number of manuscripts in an issue is high and it may be difficult for readers to go through all of them. The journal can consider tightening of the peer review process and increasing the quality standards for the acceptance of the manuscripts. I faced occasional problems with the online manuscript submission (Pre-publishing) system, which have to be addressed.
Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."



Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011

Important Notice

Original article / research
Year : 2025 | Month : February | Volume : 19 | Issue : 2 | Page : UM01 - UM03 Full Version

Role of Artificial Intelligence in Delivering Anaesthesia: A Communication

Published: February 1, 2025 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2025/75945.20665

Prachi P Deshmukh, Vivek Chakole

1. Junior Resident, Department of Anaesthesiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, Maharashtra, India. 2. Professor, Department of Anaesthesiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, Maharashtra, India.

Correspondence Address :
Dr. Prachi P Deshmukh,
Junior Resident, Department of Anaesthesiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha-442107, Maharashtra, India.
E-mail: prachipdeshmukh@gmail.com

Abstract

Anaesthesia is one of the vital branches of contemporary medicine, ensuring the possibility of painless surgical and diagnostic procedures. Previously, anaesthesia management was based on the estimation and titration of the doses of administered anaesthetic agents by an anaesthetist. Nonetheless, with advancements in medical sciences, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has found its way into the practice of anaesthesia (1). AI can play a critical role in improving anaesthetic administration through better decision-making systems, enhanced patient outcomes and improved overall organisational efficiency in clinical settings (2). This communication aims to highlight the advances in the use of AI in anaesthesia, the existing issues and future directions.

Keywords

Big data, Diagnostic tools, Postoperative management, Safe delivery

Introduction
History of AI in Medicine

AI has been applied in medical sciences since the mid-20th century, with pioneers who dreamed of potential computers assisting in diagnosis and treatment. Despite the early constraints of computation, AI has come a long way in the past decades and has impacted nearly every aspect of healthcare. In his 1950 paper, "Computing Machinery and Intelligence," the father of computer science, Alan Turing, laid out the idea of a thinking and reasoning machine (3). AI’s first programmes in medical diagnosis highlighted certain diseases, such as thyroid disorders and heart disorders. These early systems employed rule-based applications that depended on established rules and knowledge bases.

In the modern age, big data sets and available computing capabilities have paved the way for deep learning- a subbranch of machine learning. The use of deep learning models has been praised across several domains, including image recognition, language translation, and even drug design. AI is gradually penetrating healthcare facilities, where it is used for diagnosing illnesses, developing treatment protocols, discovering drugs and keeping track of patients’ health conditions (4). These applications include diagnostic tools, virtual health assistants and predictive solutions for disease propensity.

This can be achieved by using AI to analyse patient data and develop a health intervention plan tailored to individual needs and traits. AI is facilitating the faster process of drug discovery by simulating molecular interactions with potential targets. Modern algorithms in the application of AI enhance the effectiveness of X-ray, Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans. Wearable devices and Remote Monitoring and Management (RMM) systems can send data to AI for screening disease symptoms and enhancing the patient experience (5).

REVIEW

Decision Support System (DSS) in Delivering Anaesthesia

DSS is a computer-based tool designed to assist in making informed decisions by analysing complex data. It integrates data from various sources, provides interactive interfaces and supports decision-making processes. Patient safety comes first in health-related aspects and regulations. Moreover, this can lead to positive change if there are well-designed decision support systems dedicated solely to such purposes. The most common use of DSS in relation to anaesthesia is in the evaluation and treatment of patient risk. Because DSS integrates patient data from electronic health records, vital signs monitoring and laboratory results, it can identify high-risk patients with potential complications such as hypotension, hypoxemia, or arrhythmias (6). It can then recommend specific management strategies for anaesthetics, such as which agent to use how much to use, and how to monitor for any adverse effects of anaesthetic use. Such systems can employ complex computations to analyse records of Electroencephalogram (EEG) data alongside other relevant physiological indices to assess the state of anaesthesia.

DSS provides anaesthesiologists with real-time assessments of the extent of sedation, which can help avoid intraoperative awareness or over-sedation. Furthermore, DSS can eliminate some bureaucracy, improve communication between healthcare providers and decrease treatment expenses. In terms of communication, DSS centralises patient information from various sources, ensuring that healthcare providers have access to comprehensive, up-to-date data in one place (7). This facilitates clearer communication, as everyone involved in the patient’s care is on the same page. The system also sends alerts and reminders to keep healthcare professionals informed about critical changes in a patient’s condition or necessary follow-up tasks, fostering seamless collaboration.

Regarding treatment expenses, DSS helps optimise the use of healthcare resources by providing evidence-based recommendations that guide providers toward the most effective and efficient treatments, thus reducing unnecessary tests, procedures and medications. Additionally, by helping to reduce complications, shorten hospital stays and prevent readmissions, DSS directly cuts healthcare expenses while improving patient outcomes. DSS enhances operational efficiency, communication and clinical decision-making, all of which contribute to more cost-effective healthcare (8).

Nevertheless, the effective integration of DSS in anaesthesia requires careful planning, training and evaluation. Some challenges may involve resistance to change and data quality and updates may be required frequently. Therefore, to overcome these challenges, efforts should be made to involve anaesthesiologists and other caregivers in the creation of DSS, with the effectiveness of the systems evaluated periodically and enhanced or simplified as necessary (9).

Automated Anaesthesia Delivery

Automated anaesthesia delivery systems remain a novel innovation in perioperative care that may provide better patient outcomes, enhanced cost-effectiveness, and ultimately result in improved patient safety. These systems offer a more accurate means of managing the delivery of anaesthetic agents, monitoring patient physiological status, and providing feedback mechanisms to the anaesthesiologist. One of the major advantages of using automated systems for anaesthesia delivery is the ability to provide a consistent and easily predictable level of anaesthesia (10). These systems allow for the observation and recording of the patient’s responses to the administered anaesthetic agents through subtle algorithms and sensors, enabling the delivery rate of the system to be adjusted continuously. This helps keep patients well-sedated but not over-sedated during the procedure, thereby eliminating the chances of intraoperative awareness or over-sedation. In addition, automated anaesthesia delivery systems can reduce human error in anaesthesia administration. They are also capable of alerting the anaesthesiologist whenever a likely complication arises, such as hypotension, hypoxemia, or arrhythmias. Furthermore, the mechanisation of processes alleviates some pressure on anaesthesiologists, allowing them to focus on more critical tasks, such as managing airway complications or monitoring the patient’s haemodynamics (11).

Another conceivable advantage associated with automated anaesthesia delivery is increased productivity, along with a corresponding reduction in expenses (12). Moreover, these automated systems can enhance patient flow in operating rooms, thus increasing the number of surgical procedures and boosting hospital revenues. However, performing anaesthesia using robots has its pros and cons, and both the advantages and disadvantages must be considered. Such systems entail a high initial cost, and there is a need for ongoing maintenance; they may only be ideal for certain patients or types of operations. Additionally, continuous training and education are necessary to ensure that hospital personnel are proficient in the use of such systems (13).

Predicting Patient Risk

In the field of anaesthesia, the use of AI can greatly assist in the evaluation and subsequent control of patient risk. Therefore, with the help of anaesthesiologists using advanced algorithms and tools for data analysis, AI can predict the probability of developing perioperative complications and thus enhance outcomes (14). Demographic data, medical history and results of preoperative tests help AI models examine large amounts of patient information to recognise risk factors for hypotension, hypoxemia and arrhythmias. Such predictions can help anaesthesiologists anticipate future difficulties and modify their anaesthetic management plans accordingly.

In addition, AI can aid in evaluating the risk of intraoperative awareness in patients. With the help of EEG data and other physiological parameters, AI is capable of determining the depth of anaesthesia and identifying patients at risk of awareness. It can also assist anaesthesiologists in modulating the type and amount of anaesthetic agents to achieve an adequate level of sedation (15).

Airway management is one of the significant areas in which robotics is particularly useful in anaesthesia. Various types of robotic airway devices assist anaesthesiologists in intubating patients, thereby minimising the risks of aspiration and laryngospasm (16). These devices can also provide real-time displays of the airway, allowing for safer and better-monitored intubation. Robotic arms can administer anaesthetic agents, track the patient’s vital signs, and control the level of anaesthesia with high accuracy based on real-time information. This automation can help minimise human errors and ensure the correct and safe dosages of anaesthesia (17).

Postoperative Monitoring and Pain Management

AI may improve the selection, diagnosis and treatment of postoperative pain, which is a prevalent and often poorly controlled issue after surgery. It can identify the risk level of postoperative pain and suggest approaches for its management. AI may contribute to better pain management, a decreased rate of adverse reactions associated with opioids, and higher patient satisfaction (18). Additionally, AI can enhance the automated administration of pain medication, ensuring that patients are neither over-medicated nor under-medicated. By utilising patient feedback regarding responses to pain medication and regulating the dosage of administered medicines, these systems contribute to targeted pain management with minimal side-effects. Furthermore, based on a patient’s age, weight and other parameters, AI can improve the likelihood of developing an effective pain management plan tailored to the individual patient (19).

Risk Factors Associated with AI in Anaesthesia Delivery

It is also pertinent to recognise the threats and obstacles associated with the use of AI in the delivery of anaesthesia, as presented here. Potential drawbacks of using AI for recommendations include false information, such as missing or inaccurate data. This could result in inequitable treatment of patients and the exacerbation of existing health disparities. The security of patient data is of utmost importance, as this information is among the most sensitive that a patient may reveal to a physician (20). Transparency and accountability in the development and implementation of AI also play a vital role in overcoming public trust issues. However, from a clinical perspective, there are situations in which AI systems may be incapable of handling unexpected or rarely experienced clinical scenarios. Furthermore, free-form systems may not perform well in situations where they are needed, potentially leading to suboptimal care for patients. Additionally, since recommendations are generated by AI, there is a risk that these recommendations may be misunderstood or misapplied by clinicians. The consequences of such misunderstandings could negatively impact patients (21). To avail the benefits of this technology, it is crucial to begin working on data assurance and data quality initiatives. There is a need to establish an ethical code of practice to address the rising issues of privacy, security, and accountability. Moreover, ongoing research and evaluation are necessary to identify and mitigate potential limitations and biases in AI (22).
Conclusion
The introduction of AI in anaesthesia management is a revolution. AI uses efficient algorithms to enhance patient safety, improve efficiency and optimise outcomes. One of the major advantages of using AI in anaesthesia is that it can take over some of the less complicated aspects of the operation, allowing the anaesthesiologist to focus on other aspects of the surgical process that may be more sensitive or challenging. Anaesthetic dosing can be administered by computers integrated with AI, the patient’s physiological parameters can be closely monitored and managed, and the intensity of the anaesthetic effect can be maintained. This automation may minimise the chances of human error and deliver anaesthesia safely and efficiently.
Reference
1.
Moon JS, Cannesson M. A century of technology in anesthesia & analgesia. Anesth Analg. 2022;135:S48-S61.   [CrossRef]  [PubMed]
2.
Singhal M, Gupta L, Hirani K. A comprehensive analysis and review of artificial intelligence in anaesthesia. Cureus. 2023;15:e45038.   [CrossRef]
3.
Ogle OE, Mahjoubi G. Advances in local anesthesia in dentistry. Dent Clin North Am 2011;55:481-99, viii.   [CrossRef]  [PubMed]
4.
Kumar CM, Seet E, Singh RK, Joshi GP. Anesthesia in patients with multiple-system atrophy: A narrative review and practice guidance. A A Pract. 2019;12:176-79.   [CrossRef]  [PubMed]
5.
Yu Z, Liu Y, Zhu C. Application of propofol in oral and maxillofacial surgery anesthesia based on smart medical blockchain technology. J Healthc Eng. 2021 Apr 1;2021:5529798. Doi: 10.1155/2021/5529798. Retraction in: J Healthc Eng. 2023 Oct 11;2023:9793040. Doi: 10.1155/2023/9793040.   [CrossRef]  [PubMed]
6.
Singh M, Nath G. Artificial intelligence and anesthesia: A narrative review. Saudi J Anaesth. 2022;16:86-93.   [CrossRef]  [PubMed]
7.
Vatansever S, Schlessinger A, Wacker D, Kaniskan HÜ, Jin J, Zhou MM, et al. Artificial intelligence and machine learning-aided drug discovery in central nervous system diseases: State-of-the-arts and future directions. Med Res Rev. 2021;41:1427-73.   [CrossRef]  [PubMed]
8.
Hagedorn JM, George TK, Aiyer R, Schmidt K, Halamka J, D’Souza RS. Artificial intelligence and pain medicine: An introduction. J Pain Res. 2024;17:509.   [CrossRef]  [PubMed]
9.
Bellini V, Valente M, Gaddi AV, Pelosi P, Bignami E. Artificial intelligence and telemedicine in anesthesia: Potential and problems. Minerva Anestesiol. 2022;88:729-34.   [CrossRef]  [PubMed]
10.
Bellini V, Cussigh G, Bignami E. Artificial intelligence in anesthesia: An uphill but inevitable road. Can J Anaesth. 2023;70:1703-04.   [CrossRef]  [PubMed]
11.
Hashimoto DA, Witkowski E, Gao L, Meireles O, Rosman G. Artificial intelligence in anesthesiology: Current techniques, clinical applications, and limitations. Anesthesiology. 2020;132:379-94.   [CrossRef]  [PubMed]
12.
Hurley C, Kearsley R. Artificial intelligence in obstetric anaesthesia: An unlikely player? Anaesthesia. 2024;79:780-81.   [CrossRef]  [PubMed]
13.
Solanki SL, Pandrowala S, Nayak A, Bhandare M, Ambulkar RP, Shrikhande SV. Artificial intelligence in perioperative management of major gastrointestinal surgeries. World J Gastroenterol. 2021;27:2758-70.   [CrossRef]  [PubMed]
14.
Pham FMP. Artificial intelligence-supported systems in anesthesiology and its standpoint to date-A review. Open Journal of Anesthesiology. 2023;13:140-68.   [CrossRef]
15.
LE Guen M, Liu N, Chazot T, Fischler M. Closed-loop anesthesia. Minerva Anestesiol. 2016;82:573-81.
16.
Cao L, Zhu F. Comparison of tumescent local anesthesia vs normal anesthesia technology in upper blepharoplasty in Asian women. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2021;20:2264-69.   [CrossRef]  [PubMed]
17.
Duran HT, Kingeter M, Reale C, Weinger MB, Salwei ME. Decision-making in anesthesiology: Will artificial intelligence make intraoperative care safer? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2023;36:691-97.   [CrossRef]  [PubMed]
18.
Marcuzzi A, Nordstoga AL, Bach K, Aasdahl L, Nilsen TIL, Bardal EM, et al. Effect of an artificial intelligence-based self-management app on musculoskeletal health in patients with neck and/or low back pain referred to specialist care: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6:e2320400.   [CrossRef]  [PubMed]
19.
Bowness JS, El-Boghdadly K, Woodworth G, Noble JA, Higham H, Burckett- St Laurent D. Exploring the utility of assistive artificial intelligence for ultrasound scanning in regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2022;47:375-79.   [CrossRef]  [PubMed]
20.
Mushambi MC, Fakiris K, Kunte R. General anesthesia in the parturient. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2021;59:78-89.   [CrossRef]  [PubMed]
21.
Edmondson MA. Local, regional, and spinal anesthesia in ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2016;32:535-52.   [CrossRef]  [PubMed]
22.
Tolsgaard MG, Pusic MV, Sebok-Syer SS, Gin B, Svendsen MB, Syer MD, et al. The fundamentals of Artificial Intelligence in medical education research: AMEE Guide No. 156. Med Teach. 2023;45:565-73.   [CrossRef]  [PubMed]
DOI and Others
DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2025/75945.20665

Date of Submission: Sep 30, 2024
Date of Peer Review: Nov 08, 2024
Date of Acceptance: Jan 01, 2025
Date of Publishing: Feb 01, 2025

AUTHOR DECLARATION:
• Financial or Other Competing Interests: None
• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects involved in the study? No
• For any images presented appropriate consent has been obtained from the subjects. No

PLAGIARISM CHECKING METHODS:
• Plagiarism X-checker: Oct 01, 2024
• Manual Googling: Dec 26, 2024
• iThenticate Software: Dec 28, 2024 (7%)

ETYMOLOGY: Author Origin

EMENDATIONS: 7

JCDR is now Monthly and more widely Indexed .
  • Emerging Sources Citation Index (Web of Science, thomsonreuters)
  • Index Copernicus ICV 2017: 134.54
  • Academic Search Complete Database
  • Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
  • Embase
  • EBSCOhost
  • Google Scholar
  • HINARI Access to Research in Health Programme
  • Indian Science Abstracts (ISA)
  • Journal seek Database
  • Google
  • Popline (reproductive health literature)
  • www.omnimedicalsearch.com
Sitemap | Login | Register | Feedback | Contact | Advertisers | Copyright & Disclaimer | Important Notice
Affiliated websites : JCDR Prepublishing | Neonatal Database | Neonatal Database download center
Premchand Shantidevi Research Foundation (PSRF, India)
© Copyright 2007-2021, Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, India.