Year :
2022
| Month :
January
| Volume :
16
| Issue :
1
| Page :
KC08 - KC12
Full Version
Factors Affecting Ambulatory Status in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Cross-sectional Study
Published: January 1, 2022 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2022/48650.15882
Annie Mathew, Nonica Laisram
1. Postgaduate Student, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India.
2. Principal Consultant, Professor and Former Head, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India.
Correspondence Address :
Dr. Nonica Laisram,
Principal Consultant, Professor and Former Head, Department of Physical
Medicine and Rehabilitation, VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India.
E-mail: drnonica@gmail.com
Abstract
Introduction: Cerebral Palsy (CP) is one of the most common causes of physical disabilities in childhood. Most children with CP are facing limitations of walking and other physical activities. Limitation in ambulation presents potential barriers to activities of daily life, participation in physical, recreational, and social activities, which further hampers the quality of life. Thus, attainment of walking is an important goal for the children with CP, as well as doctors for optimum rehabilitation plan.
Aim: To study the ambulatory status in different types of CP and factors affecting ambulatory status in children with CP.
Materials and Methods: This observational, cross-sectional study was conducted in the Outpatient Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PMR) of VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India, from November 2018 to April 2020. Total 100 children with CP of age group 2-18 years were enrolled in the study. The type of CP was determined based on tone pattern and limb involvement. Walking ability was assessed using Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), Functional Mobility Scales (FMS) and Gillette Functional Assessment Questionnaire (FAQ). Factors such as age of independent sitting, presence of accompanying impairments which may influence the walking ability were also studied. Quantitative variables were compared using Kruskal-Wallis test and qualitative variables were compared using Chi-square test.
Results: In the study population of 100 children with CP, 68 were males and 32 were females. Total 55% were independent ambulators, 14% were ambulatory with aids and 31% were non ambulators. 86% had spastic CP, 6% had dyskinetic CP, 6% had mixed CP and 2% had hypotonic CP. Among spastic CP (86), 56% had diplegia, 16.2% had quadriplegia, 24.4% had hemiplegia and 3.4% had triplegia. Children with spastic hemiplegia showed highest potential for independent walking. Among 100 children with CP, 56% achieved independent sitting by 2 years of age, 31% achieved independent sitting after 2 years of age and 13% did not achieve sitting. Total 82.14% of children who achieved independent sitting by 2 years of age were ambulatory without aids. Total 36% of total children had no impairments, 44% had one or two impairments and 20% had three or more impairments. Total 88.8% of children who had no impairments were ambulatory without aids, thus showed good walking potential. Where as 70% of children who had three or more impairments were non ambulators.
Conclusion: The spastic hemiplegia type of CP, achievement of independent sitting by 2 years of age and absence of accompanying impairments are good prognostic predictors of ambulation in children CP.
Keywords
Association, Prognosis, Type of cerebral palsy, Walking ability
Introduction
The Cerebral Palsy (CP) is one of the most common causes of physical disabilities in childhood, which occurs with an overall prevalence rate of 2.11 per 1000 live births (1). Cerebral palsy is described “as a group of permanent disorders of development of movement and posture causing activity limitation that are attributed to non progressive disturbances that occurred in developing foetal or infant brain. The motor disorders of CP are often accompanied by disturbances of sensation, perception, cognition, communication, and behaviour by epilepsy and secondary musculoskeletal problems” (2).
Cerebral palsy can be classified into various types based on tone pattern and based on distribution of limb involvement. Based on tone pattern CP is classified as spastic, dyskinetic, hypotonic and mixed. Dyskinetic includes athetoid, choreiform, ballistic and ataxic types. Based on distribution of limb involvement CP is classified as diplegia (lower limbs affected more than upper limbs), hemiplegia (upper limb frequently more affected than lower limb), quadriplegia (bilateral upper limb and lower limb distribution), and triplegia (combination of diplegia and quadriplegia but with asymmetric upper limb involvement) (3),(4).
Various scales used for assessing functional level and motor development in CP are Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) (5), Functional Mobility Scales (FMS) (6) and Gillette Functional Assessment Questionnaire (FAQ) (7). There is no previous study which has simultaneously used GMFCS, FMS and Gillette FAQ to assess the ambulation. Study of walking ability based on number of accompanying impairments (rather than a specific impairment), is also particular to this study.
Early identification of ambulatory potential and knowledge of factors that might influence the maintenance of ambulatory capacity would favour the planning of realistic treatment goals.
Hence, present study was conducted to assess the ambulatory status in different types of CP and various factors affecting ambulatory status in children with CP. Three scales- GMFCS, FMS and Gillette FAQ were used simultaneously to assess ambulatory status. Study also highlights use of FMS and Gillette FAQ along with GMFCS as functional assessment scales for children with CP. Influence of age of independent sitting and increasing number of accompanying impairments on walking ability were also studied.
Material and Methods
This observational cross-sectional study was conducted in the Outpatient Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, of VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India, from November 2018 to April 2020. Due approval from the Institute Ethics Committee was taken (IEC/VMMC/SJH/Thesis/October/2018-48).
Inclusion criteria: Hundred children diagnosed with CP of both genders, belonging to age group 2-18 years were enrolled after obtaining written informed consent from the parents.
Exclusion criteria: Children with any co-existing neuromuscular disorders, metabolic disorders and genetic disorders were excluded from the study.
Sample size calculation: The study of Keeratisiroj O et al., observed 48.2% of children with CP were capable of ambulation (8). Taking this value as reference, the minimum required sample size with 10% margin of error and 5% level of significance is 96 patients. So, total sample size taken is 100. Formula used is:- N ≥{p(1-p)}/(ME/Zα)2;
Where, Zα is value of Z at two-sided alpha error of 5%, ME is margin of error and p is proportion of patients capable of ambulation.
Study Procedure
For each patient relevant history including antenatal, perinatal and postnatal periods and developmental milestones (gross motor, fine motor, language and social milestones) were recorded. Anthropometry including head circumference and body weight was recorded. Detailed age adjusted neurological examination was done and any abnormalities in tone, posture, movement and reflexes were recorded. Accompanying impairments including visual, auditory, speech and cognitive impairments were recorded. Children with CP were classified on the basis of tone pattern as spastic, dyskinetic, hypotonic and mixed. Spastic CP was classified based on limb involvement as diplegia, quadriplegia, hemiplegia and triplegia (3),(4).
Children, who walked a distance of atleast 20 feet with the help of walking aids or assistive devices (canes, crutches, walker, frames etc.,) were considered as ambulatory with aids and those who walked the same distance without any walking aids or assistive devices were considered as ambulatory without aids. Children who were completely dependent for ambulation or those required a manual wheel chair for ambulation were considered as non ambulatory (9).
Parameters: Walking ability of children with CP was assessed using GMFCS, FMS and Gillette FAQ.
• Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) (5) classified gross motor function on the basis of severity from level I (walks without restriction) to level V (very limited self-mobility, even with assistive technology).
• Functional Mobility Scales (FMS) (6) assessed mobility at 5 m (e.g., short distances in house), 50 m (e.g., mobility at school) and 500 m (long distances e.g., shopping centre). Ratings were given from highest score 6 (independent on all surfaces) to lowest score 1 (uses wheel chair). Children who crawled the distance was marked as C and who could not complete distance was marked as N.
• Gillette Functional Assessment Questionnaire (FAQ) FAQ (7) classified levels from 1-10. At level 1 child could not take any step at all, Levels 2-4 described limited house hold mobility. At level 5 and 6 child preferred walking for household mobility. From level 7 child walk community distances. Level 10 is the best where child is typically able to keep up with peers. Walking ability based on the above scales was correlated with type of CP based on tone pattern and limb involvement. Factors such as age of achievement of independent sitting and presence of accompanying impairments which may influence the walking ability of children with CP were also studied.
Statistical Analysis
All categorical variables were presented in number and percentage (%) and continuous variables were presented as mean±SD and median. Normality of data was tested by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. If the normality was rejected then non parametric test was used. Quantitative variables were compared using Kruskal Wallis test (as the data sets were not normally distributed) between the groups. Qualitative variables were compared using Chi-square test. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The data was entered in MS Excel spreadsheet and analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0.
Results
Total 100 children belonging to age group 2-18 years participated in the study. Total 68 were males and 32 were females (male to female ratio 2.1:1). The mean age of the study population was 5.85±3.4 years. Out of 100, 86 of 100 (86%) had spastic CP, 6 of 100 (6%) had dyskinetic CP, 6 of 100 (6%) had mixed CP and 2 of 100 (2%) had hypotonic CP. Among children with spastic CP, 48 (56%) had diplegia, 14 (16.2%) had quadriplegia, 21 (24.4%) had hemiplegia and 3 (3.4%) had triplegia. The most common type of CP (based on tone pattern) was spastic type (86 of 100). Diplegia was the most common type of spastic CP (Table/Fig 1).
Out of 100 children, 55 were ambulatory without aids, 14 were ambulatory with aids (e.g., cane, crutches, walker) and 31 were non ambulatory. Among different types of CP, 90.48% of children with spastic hemiplegia were ambulatory without aids. Association of ambulatory status with type of CP was statistically significant (Table/Fig 2). Association of GMFCS (Table/Fig 3) with type of CP based on tone pattern (p-value=0.011) and distribution of limb involvement (p-value <0.0001) was statistically significant. Association of FMS (5 m, 50 m, 500 m) with type of spastic CP based on limb involvement was statistically significant (Table/Fig 4),(Table/Fig 5),(Table/Fig 6). Association of Gillette FAQ with type of spastic CP based on limb involvement was also statistically significant (Table/Fig 7). Among different types of CP, spastic hemiplegia showed the highest ambulation.
Total 87 of 100 children had achieved independent sitting, of which 56 achieved by 2 years of age. Total 82.14% of children who achieved independent sitting by 2 years of age were ambulatory without aids. Association of ambulatory status with age of independent sitting was statistically significant (Table/Fig 8). Out of 100 children, 36 had no accompanying impairments and rest 64 had atleast one impairment. Total 20 had only one impairment (speech impairment-6, visual impairment-12, cognitive impairment-2), 24 had two accompanying impairments (speech and cognition-14, vision and cognition-6, speech and vision-4) and 20 had three or more accompanying impairments (vision, speech and cognition-17, hearing, speech and cognition-1, vision, speech, cognition and hearing impairment-2). Total 88.88% of children who had no accompanying impairments were ambulatory without aids. The association of ambulatory status with number of accompanying impairments was statistically significant (Table/Fig 9).
Discussion
Out of 100 children, 86 (86%) had spastic CP, 6 (6%) had dyskinetic CP, 6 (6%) had mixed CP and (2%) had hypotonic CP. Among children with spastic CP, 48 (56%) had diplegia, 14 (16.2%) had quadriplegia, 21 (24.4%) had hemiplegia and 3 (3.4%) had triplegia. Similar to previous studies (10),(11),(12),(13) the present study also observed spastic type as the predominating type.
Out of 100 children with CP, 55% (55) were ambulatory without aids. This is similar to the findings from previous studies (14),(15),(16). However, Laisram N and Saha S and Keeratisiroj O et al., observed lesser number of independent ambulators (34.9% and 39.4%, respectively) (8),(17).
Majority (48 of 86; 55.8%) of children with spastic CP were ambulatory without aids. 4 (66.7%) children with dyskinetic CP were ambulatory without aids. Of 2 children with hypotonic CP, one was ambulatory without aids and other was non ambulatory. Four of 6 (66.7%) of children with mixed CP were ambulatory with aids. Total 48 of 86 (55.8%) children with spastic CP were ambulatory without aids. Among spastic CP hemiplegia showed highest potential for independent walking (19 of 21 children; 90.5%), whereas spastic quadriplegia showed lowest potential for independent walking (1 of 14; 7.1%). Twenty six of 48 (54.2%) of spastic diplegia and 2 of 3 (66.7%) of children with triplegia also showed independent ambulation. Laisram N and Saha S reported that 94.9% of hemiplegics were ambulatory without aids (17). Previous studies also observed similar findings (18),(19). Vasconcellos RLM et al., and Nordmark E et al., reported that spastic quadriplegic CP as predominantly non ambulatory, which is consistent with findings of present study (20),(21). The present study reinforces that spastic hemiplegics were the most successful ambulators.
Assessment of GMFCS in different types of CP showed, 80 (93%) children of spastic CP in level II-IV. All children with dyskinetic CP showed GMFCS levels between II-IV. All children with mixed CP were in between level I-III. Among spastic CP, 17 hemiplegics (80.95%) were at level II and rest 2 (9.5%) were at level I and showed highest ambulation. Total 13 (92.86%) children with spastic quadriplegia were at levels IV-V and showed lowest ambulation. Shevell MI et al., in their study observed similar findings (14).
Assessment of Functional Mobility Scales (FMS) 5 m showed, 50 (58%) spastic, 4 (66.6%) dyskinetic, 5 (83.3%) mixed CP walked independently with rating of 6 or 5. Among spastic CP, 19 (90.5%) hemiplegics, 28 (58.3%) diplegics, 2 (66.7%) triplegics and 1 (7.14%) quadrplegics walked independently at FMS 5 m with ratings 6 or 5. At FMS 50 metres, 46 (53.5%) spastic, 3 (50%) dyskinetic, 2 (33.3%) mixed CP walked independently. Among spastic CP, 1 (7.14%) quadriplegics, 18 (85.7%) hemiplegics completed 50 m independently. At FMS 500 m 32 (37%) spastic, 1 (16.7%) dyskinetic, 1 (50%) hypotonic and 1 (16.67%) mixed CP completed independently. Among spastic CP 15 (71%) hemiplegics walked FMS 500 m independently. None of quadriplegics could walk the distance independently. Two (9.5%) hemiplegics completed the distance with best rating of 6 and showed successful ambulation. Walking ability of spastic hemiplegic children at FMS distances were comparable with the findings of Rodby-Bousquet E and Hagglund G (22). Functional Mobility Scales (FMS) scores were seen to vary with subtypes of CP in the present study.
Gillette Functional Assessment Questionnaire assessment showed 40 (46.5%) children with spastic CP between VII-IX levels, 4 (66.7%) dyskinetic CP between V-VIII levels, 4 (66.67%) mixed CP between IV-VI levels. Among spastic CP, 15 (71.4%) hemiplegics showed successful ambulation (level VII-X), 24 (50%) diplegics between 7 to 9 levels, 14 (92.86%) children with quadriplegia at (levels I-III) and showed lowest ambulation. All children (3 of 3) with spastic triplegia were between VI-VIII levels.
In the present study, 69 (69%) children could walk with or without ambulatory aids. In overall, spastic CP showed favourable ambulatory potential. Children with spastic hemiplegia had the highest potential for independent walking. Children with spastic quadriplegia had poor ambulatory potential, and were more dependent on their care-givers. This is why they have poor ambulatory potential and functional ability. A 68.75% children with spastic diplegia were ambulatory with or without aids. All children with spastic triplegia were ambulatory with or without hand-held assistive devices. Children with mixed CP showed a better ambulation than children with dyskinetic CP. Children with hypotonic CP were very less in number (2 of 100) and therefore difficult to comment regarding their overall walking potential. It was observed that neurological subtype is a powerful predictor of functional status related to ambulation. Thus present study reinforces that the type of CP was a strong predictor for prognosticating ambulation in children with CP. Comparison of present study with contrast studies is summarised in (Table/Fig 10) (8),(14),(17),(18),(22).
Association of ambulatory status with age of independent sitting showed, 82% of children who achieved independent sitting by 2 years of age were able to walk independently. The present study findings were consistent with findings of Keeratisiroj O et al., and Laisram N and Saha S (8),(17). Montgomery PC (19) concluded that the best skill for predicting ambulation was sitting. Early gross motor milestones, especially sitting, are important for predicting walking since antigravity muscles for the trunk and postural control during sitting is necessary for the upright position development (23).
Strong association between ambulatory status and number of accompanying impairments was observed in the present study. Thirty six had no any accompanying impairments and rest 64 had atleast one impairment. Maximum of four accompanying impairments were observed simultaneously. Most common impairments observed were visual, speech, hearing and cognitive impairment. 88.88% of children who had no impairments were ambulatory without aids, whereas, 70% of children with three or more impairments were non ambulatory. Similar findings were observed by Iloeje SO and Ogoke CC (18) and Vasconcellos RLM et al., (18),(20). The study suggests that total number of accompanying impairments in a child with CP may give an indication of functional abilities of the child.
The present study shows that type of CP, age of independent sitting and presence of accompanying impairments affected walking ability in children with CP.
Limitation(s)
Few limitations noted in the present study include analysis of broad age groups together, comparatively small sample size and recall bias owing to the cross-sectional design of the study. Unequal distribution of cases with respect to age groups and subtypes of CP were also considered as limitation of study.
Conclusion
The present study highlights that spastic hemiplegia type of CP, achievement of independent sitting by two years of age and absence of accompanying impairments are good prognostic predictors of walking potential in children with CP. The study helps to assess ambulation in different types of CP and assists in planning for optimum rehabilitation interventions. Early interventions and awareness programs among parents and care givers are recommended to identify the influencing factors, to prognosticate walking potential and to improve walking ability of children with CP. Regular monitoring and follow-up is required to maintain and improve walking ability in children with CP.
Acknowledgement
Authors acknowledge the support provided by the doctors and staff of Department of PMR, VMMC and Safdarjung hospital to conduct this study. Authors also sincerely thank the children and families who participated in this study.
Reference
| 1. | Osuki M, Countinho F, Dykeman J, Jette N, Pringsheim T. An update on the prevalance of cerebral palsy: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2013;55:509-19.
[ CrossRef] [ PubMed] | 2. | Bax M, Goldstein M, Rosenbaum P, Paneth N. Proposed definition and classification of cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2005;47:571-76.
[ CrossRef] [ PubMed] | 3. | Oleszeck J, Davidson L. Cerebral palsy. In: Braddom RL, ed. Physical medicine and rehabilitation. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011:1255.
[ CrossRef] | 4. | Niedzwecki CM, Roge DL, Schwabe AL. Cerebral palsy. In: David XC, ed. Braddom’s physical medicine and rehabilitation. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2016:1053-72.
| 5. | Palisano R, Rosenbaum P, Walter S, Russell D, Wood E, Gluppi B. Development and reliability of a system to classify gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997;39:214-23.
[ CrossRef] [ PubMed] | 6. | Graham HK, Harvey A, Rodda J, Nattrass GR, Pirpiris M. The Functional Mobility Scale (FMS). J Pediatr Orthop. 2004;24:514-20.
[ CrossRef] [ PubMed] | 7. | Novacheck TF, Stout JL, Tervo R. Reliability and validity of the Gillette Functional Assessment Questionnaire as an outcome measure in children with walking disabilities. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000;20:75-81.
[ CrossRef] [ PubMed] | 8. | Keeratisiroj O, Thawinchai N, Siritaratiwat W, Montana B. Prognostic predictors for ambulation in Thai children with cerebral palsy aged 2 to 18 years. J Child Neurol. 2015;30:1812-18.
[ CrossRef] [ PubMed] | 9. | Wu YW, Day SM, Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM. Prognosis for ambulation in cerebral palsy: A population-based study. Paediatrics. 2004;114:1264-70.
[ CrossRef] [ PubMed] | 10. | Odding E, Roebroeck ME, Stam HJ. The epidemiology of cerebral palsy: Incidence, impairments and risk factors. Disabil Rehabil. 2006;28:183-91.
[ CrossRef] [ PubMed] | 11. | Pfeifer L, Rodrigues D, Funayama C, Santos J. Classification of Cerebral Palsy Association between gender, age, motor type, topography and Gross Motor Function. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2009;67:1057-60.
[ CrossRef] [ PubMed] | 12. | Andersen GL, Irgens LM, Haagaas I, Skranes JS, Meberg AE, Vik T. Cerebral palsy in Norway: Prevalence, subtypes and severity. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2008;12:04-13.
[ CrossRef] [ PubMed] | 13. | O舗Shea. Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cerebral palsy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2008;51:816-28.
[ CrossRef] [ PubMed] | 14. | Shevell MI, Dagenais L, Hall N. The relationship of cerebral palsy subtype and functional motor impairment: A population-based study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009;51:872-77.
[ CrossRef] [ PubMed] | 15. | Beckung E, Hagberg G, Uldall P, Cans C. Probability of walking in children with cerebral palsy in Europe. Pediatrics. 2008;121:187-92.
[ CrossRef] [ PubMed] | 16. | Rumeau-Rouquette C, Mazaubrun C, Mlika A, Dequae L. Motor disability in children in three birth cohorts. Int J Epidemiol. 1992;21:359-66.
[ CrossRef] [ PubMed] | 17. | Laisram N, Saha S. Ambulatory potential in children with cerebral palsy. Indian J Phy Med Rehab. 2017;28:49-52.
[ CrossRef] | 18. | Iloeje SO, Ogoke CC. Factors associated with the severity of motor impairment in children with cerebral palsy seen in Enugu, Nigeria. S Afr J Child Health. 2017;11:112-16.
[ CrossRef] | 19. | Montgomery PC. Predicting potential for ambulation in children with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Phys Ther. 1998;10:148-55.
[ CrossRef] | 20. | Vasconcellos RLM, Moura TL, Campos TF, Lindquist ARR, Guerra RO. Functional performance assessment of children with cerebral palsy according to motor impairment levels. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2009;13:390-97.
[ CrossRef] | 21. | Nordmark E, Hagglund G, Lagergren J. Cerebral palsy in southern Sweden: Gross motor function and disabilities. Acta Paediatr. 2001;90:1277-82.
[ CrossRef] [ PubMed] | 22. | Rodby-Bousquet E, Hagglund G. Better walking performance in older children with Cerebral Palsy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470:1286-93.
[ CrossRef] [ PubMed] | 23. | Kimura-Ohba S, Sawada A, Shiotani Y, Matsuzawa S, Awata T, Ikeda H, et al. Variations in early gross motor milestones and in the age of walking in Japanese children. Pediatr Int. 2011;53:950-55. [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] |
DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2022/48650.15882
Date of Submission: Feb 02, 2021
Date of Peer Review: Apr 03, 2021
Date of Acceptance: Nov 16, 2021
Date of Publishing: Jan 01, 2022
AUTHOR DECLARATION:
• Financial or Other Competing Interests: None
• Was Ethics Committee Approval obtained for this study? Yes
• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects involved in the study? Yes
• For any images presented appropriate consent has been obtained from the subjects. NA
PLAGIARISM CHECKING METHODS:
• Plagiarism X-checker: Feb 03, 2021
• Manual Googling: Nov 15, 2021
• iThenticate Software: Nov 25, 2021 (15%)
ETYMOLOGY: Author Origin
|