Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, ISSN - 0973 - 709X

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Dr Mohan Z Mani

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Thiruvalla, Kerala
On Sep 2018




Prof. Somashekhar Nimbalkar

"Over the last few years, we have published our research regularly in Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. Having published in more than 20 high impact journals over the last five years including several high impact ones and reviewing articles for even more journals across my fields of interest, we value our published work in JCDR for their high standards in publishing scientific articles. The ease of submission, the rapid reviews in under a month, the high quality of their reviewers and keen attention to the final process of proofs and publication, ensure that there are no mistakes in the final article. We have been asked clarifications on several occasions and have been happy to provide them and it exemplifies the commitment to quality of the team at JCDR."



Prof. Somashekhar Nimbalkar
Head, Department of Pediatrics, Pramukhswami Medical College, Karamsad
Chairman, Research Group, Charutar Arogya Mandal, Karamsad
National Joint Coordinator - Advanced IAP NNF NRP Program
Ex-Member, Governing Body, National Neonatology Forum, New Delhi
Ex-President - National Neonatology Forum Gujarat State Chapter
Department of Pediatrics, Pramukhswami Medical College, Karamsad, Anand, Gujarat.
On Sep 2018




Dr. Kalyani R

"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research is at present a well-known Indian originated scientific journal which started with a humble beginning. I have been associated with this journal since many years. I appreciate the Editor, Dr. Hemant Jain, for his constant effort in bringing up this journal to the present status right from the scratch. The journal is multidisciplinary. It encourages in publishing the scientific articles from postgraduates and also the beginners who start their career. At the same time the journal also caters for the high quality articles from specialty and super-specialty researchers. Hence it provides a platform for the scientist and researchers to publish. The other aspect of it is, the readers get the information regarding the most recent developments in science which can be used for teaching, research, treating patients and to some extent take preventive measures against certain diseases. The journal is contributing immensely to the society at national and international level."



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Professor and Head
Department of Pathology
Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College
Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research , Kolar, Karnataka
On Sep 2018




Dr. Saumya Navit

"As a peer-reviewed journal, the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research provides an opportunity to researchers, scientists and budding professionals to explore the developments in the field of medicine and dentistry and their varied specialities, thus extending our view on biological diversities of living species in relation to medicine.
‘Knowledge is treasure of a wise man.’ The free access of this journal provides an immense scope of learning for the both the old and the young in field of medicine and dentistry as well. The multidisciplinary nature of the journal makes it a better platform to absorb all that is being researched and developed. The publication process is systematic and professional. Online submission, publication and peer reviewing makes it a user-friendly journal.
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Dr Saumya Navit
Professor and Head
Department of Pediatric Dentistry
Saraswati Dental College
Lucknow
On Sep 2018




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It's a honour and pride to be a part of the JCDR team. My very best wishes to JCDR and hope it will sparkle up above the sky as a high indexed journal in near future."



Dr. Arunava Biswas
MD, DM (Clinical Pharmacology)
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmacology
Calcutta National Medical College & Hospital , Kolkata




Dr. C.S. Ramesh Babu
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Best regards,
C.S. Ramesh Babu,
Associate Professor of Anatomy,
Muzaffarnagar Medical College,
Muzaffarnagar.
On Aug 2018




Dr. Arundhathi. S
"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR) is a reputed peer reviewed journal and is constantly involved in publishing high quality research articles related to medicine. Its been a great pleasure to be associated with this esteemed journal as a reviewer and as an author for a couple of years. The editorial board consists of many dedicated and reputed experts as its members and they are doing an appreciable work in guiding budding researchers. JCDR is doing a commendable job in scientific research by promoting excellent quality research & review articles and case reports & series. The reviewers provide appropriate suggestions that improve the quality of articles. I strongly recommend my fraternity to encourage JCDR by contributing their valuable research work in this widely accepted, user friendly journal. I hope my collaboration with JCDR will continue for a long time".



Dr. Arundhathi. S
MBBS, MD (Pathology),
Sanjay Gandhi institute of trauma and orthopedics,
Bengaluru.
On Aug 2018




Dr. Mamta Gupta,
"It gives me great pleasure to be associated with JCDR, since last 2-3 years. Since then I have authored, co-authored and reviewed about 25 articles in JCDR. I thank JCDR for giving me an opportunity to improve my own skills as an author and a reviewer.
It 's a multispecialty journal, publishing high quality articles. It gives a platform to the authors to publish their research work which can be available for everyone across the globe to read. The best thing about JCDR is that the full articles of all medical specialties are available as pdf/html for reading free of cost or without institutional subscription, which is not there for other journals. For those who have problem in writing manuscript or do statistical work, JCDR comes for their rescue.
The journal has a monthly publication and the articles are published quite fast. In time compared to other journals. The on-line first publication is also a great advantage and facility to review one's own articles before going to print. The response to any query and permission if required, is quite fast; this is quite commendable. I have a very good experience about seeking quick permission for quoting a photograph (Fig.) from a JCDR article for my chapter authored in an E book. I never thought it would be so easy. No hassles.
Reviewing articles is no less a pain staking process and requires in depth perception, knowledge about the topic for review. It requires time and concentration, yet I enjoy doing it. The JCDR website especially for the reviewers is quite user friendly. My suggestions for improving the journal is, more strict review process, so that only high quality articles are published. I find a a good number of articles in Obst. Gynae, hence, a new journal for this specialty titled JCDR-OG can be started. May be a bimonthly or quarterly publication to begin with. Only selected articles should find a place in it.
An yearly reward for the best article authored can also incentivize the authors. Though the process of finding the best article will be not be very easy. I do not know how reviewing process can be improved. If an article is being reviewed by two reviewers, then opinion of one can be communicated to the other or the final opinion of the editor can be communicated to the reviewer if requested for. This will help one’s reviewing skills.
My best wishes to Dr. Hemant Jain and all the editorial staff of JCDR for their untiring efforts to bring out this journal. I strongly recommend medical fraternity to publish their valuable research work in this esteemed journal, JCDR".



Dr. Mamta Gupta
Consultant
(Ex HOD Obs &Gynae, Hindu Rao Hospital and associated NDMC Medical College, Delhi)
Aug 2018




Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey

"I wish to thank Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), for asking me to write up few words.
Writing is the representation of language in a textual medium i e; into the words and sentences on paper. Quality medical manuscript writing in particular, demands not only a high-quality research, but also requires accurate and concise communication of findings and conclusions, with adherence to particular journal guidelines. In medical field whether working in teaching, private, or in corporate institution, everyone wants to excel in his / her own field and get recognised by making manuscripts publication.


Authors are the souls of any journal, and deserve much respect. To publish a journal manuscripts are needed from authors. Authors have a great responsibility for producing facts of their work in terms of number and results truthfully and an individual honesty is expected from authors in this regards. Both ways its true "No authors-No manuscripts-No journals" and "No journals–No manuscripts–No authors". Reviewing a manuscript is also a very responsible and important task of any peer-reviewed journal and to be taken seriously. It needs knowledge on the subject, sincerity, honesty and determination. Although the process of reviewing a manuscript is a time consuming task butit is expected to give one's best remarks within the time frame of the journal.
Salient features of the JCDR: It is a biomedical, multidisciplinary (including all medical and dental specialities), e-journal, with wide scope and extensive author support. At the same time, a free text of manuscript is available in HTML and PDF format. There is fast growing authorship and readership with JCDR as this can be judged by the number of articles published in it i e; in Feb 2007 of its first issue, it contained 5 articles only, and now in its recent volume published in April 2011, it contained 67 manuscripts. This e-journal is fulfilling the commitments and objectives sincerely, (as stated by Editor-in-chief in his preface to first edition) i e; to encourage physicians through the internet, especially from the developing countries who witness a spectrum of disease and acquire a wealth of knowledge to publish their experiences to benefit the medical community in patients care. I also feel that many of us have work of substance, newer ideas, adequate clinical materials but poor in medical writing and hesitation to submit the work and need help. JCDR provides authors help in this regards.
Timely publication of journal: Publication of manuscripts and bringing out the issue in time is one of the positive aspects of JCDR and is possible with strong support team in terms of peer reviewers, proof reading, language check, computer operators, etc. This is one of the great reasons for authors to submit their work with JCDR. Another best part of JCDR is "Online first Publications" facilities available for the authors. This facility not only provides the prompt publications of the manuscripts but at the same time also early availability of the manuscripts for the readers.
Indexation and online availability: Indexation transforms the journal in some sense from its local ownership to the worldwide professional community and to the public.JCDR is indexed with Embase & EMbiology, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, Chemical Abstracts Service, Journal seek Database, Indian Science Abstracts, to name few of them. Manuscriptspublished in JCDR are available on major search engines ie; google, yahoo, msn.
In the era of fast growing newer technologies, and in computer and internet friendly environment the manuscripts preparation, submission, review, revision, etc and all can be done and checked with a click from all corer of the world, at any time. Of course there is always a scope for improvement in every field and none is perfect. To progress, one needs to identify the areas of one's weakness and to strengthen them.
It is well said that "happy beginning is half done" and it fits perfectly with JCDR. It has grown considerably and I feel it has already grown up from its infancy to adolescence, achieving the status of standard online e-journal form Indian continent since its inception in Feb 2007. This had been made possible due to the efforts and the hard work put in it. The way the JCDR is improving with every new volume, with good quality original manuscripts, makes it a quality journal for readers. I must thank and congratulate Dr Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief JCDR and his team for their sincere efforts, dedication, and determination for making JCDR a fast growing journal.
Every one of us: authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher are responsible for enhancing the stature of the journal. I wish for a great success for JCDR."



Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011




Dr. Shankar P.R.

"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
Areas for improvement: In certain cases, I felt that the peer review process of the manuscripts was not up to international standards and that it should be strengthened. Also, the number of manuscripts in an issue is high and it may be difficult for readers to go through all of them. The journal can consider tightening of the peer review process and increasing the quality standards for the acceptance of the manuscripts. I faced occasional problems with the online manuscript submission (Pre-publishing) system, which have to be addressed.
Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."



Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011
Anuradha

Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.


Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020

Important Notice

Original article / research
Year : 2022 | Month : March | Volume : 16 | Issue : 3 | Page : ZC38 - ZC41 Full Version

Comparative Evaluation of the Effect of Herbal Irrigants on the Push-out Bond Strength of Epoxy Resin Based Sealer to Root Dentin: An In-vitro Study


Published: March 1, 2022 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2022/46343.16173
Shrutika Salkar, Chaitra Bakare, Deepti Chacko, Preeti Doddwad, Sonal Joshi, Neha Dhaded

1. Postgraduate Student, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, India. 2. Postgraduate Student, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, India. 3. Postgraduate Student, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, India. 4. Professor and Head, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, India. 5. Professor and Dean, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, India. 6. Reader, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.

Correspondence Address :
Dr. Neha Dhaded,
Reader, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, KLE VK Institute
of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.
E-mail: keshwani_neha@yahoo.com

Abstract

Introduction: Favourable outcome of root canal treated teeth depends on the irrigants used. Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) is one of the most commonly used irrigants in endodontic treatment. NaOCl has cytotoxic effects; limited ability to eliminate bacteria, along with jeopardizing of the bond strength between epoxy resin-based sealers and root dentin. Contemporary medicine orchestrates the use of biological medical extract from natural plants. Herbal alternatives are coveted as they are readily available, less expensive, have enhanced shelf life and low toxicity. Despite that, literature is sparse regarding the effect of herbal irrigants on Push-out Bond Strength (PBS) of sealer to root dentin.

Aim: To compare and assess the effect of the PBS of epoxy resin based root canal sealer to root dentin following the use of two novel herbal irrigants,10% proanthocyanidins (PAs) and 2% Azadirachta indica (neem extract) with 3% NaOCl.

Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was conducted in the Department of Conservative and Endodontics at KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, India, between June 2019 and August 2019. The study was done on 30 extracted single rooted human mandibular premolar teeth, of which root canals were prepared using rotary instruments. The use of standard susceptibility tests {Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)} was done to determine appropriate concentration of the irrigant against E. faecalis. The teeth samples were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=10 each). Group 1 has teeth irrigated with 3% NaOCl (control group), Group 2 has teeth irrigated with 10% grape seed extract (10% proanthocyanidins) and Group 3 has teeth irrigated with 2% neem leaf extract (2% Azadirachta indica). Obturation of all the three groups were done with F3 gutta percha and AH Plus sealer followed by PBS testing using universal testing machine. One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s Post-hoc tests were used for statistically analysing the data. The p-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results: Group 2 had significantly higher push-out bond strength as compared to Group 3 (p-value <0.001). However, there was no significant difference seen between Group 2 and Group 1 (p-value=0.207).

Conclusion: It was concluded that the PBS of 10% proanthocyanidins was the highest, followed by 3% NaOCl and Azadirachta indica. However, biocompatibility and safety of these novel intracanal irrigants has to be assessed with the help of further clinical and in-vitro experiments to validate these findings.

Keywords

Azadirachta indica, Irrigation, Proanthocyanidins, Root canal, Sodium hypochlorite

Endodontic infections are caused due to various types of microbes however, they are dominated by obligate anaerobic bacteria (1). Amongst the others, the Enterococcus faecalis is considered as the most persistent organisms that plays a pivotal part for the initiation of periradicular lesions. It can even survive in restricted conditions, due to physicochemical and biofilm forming characteristics of the organism that helps it to modify the prevailing nutritional and environmental conditions (1). Endodontic treatment success depends on a 3-dimensional obturation of the root canal space with adhesion between root dentin, core material and sealer (2).

The type of instruments and irrigants used during instrumentation plays a pivotal role in neutralisation and inactivation of bacterial toxin creating a positive influence on the healing activity post endodontic treatment (2). An ideal root canal irrigant is the one which has good antimicrobial action, is non cytotoxic, and does not cause any alteration of dental microstructure (2). Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) (0.5-6%) is a unique and incomparable irrigant in various endodontic treatment procedures, which not only abolishes microorganisms but also disintegrate and denature proteins. It is comparatively cheaper and has a good shelf life (3). One of the drawbacks of this irrigant is that it impedes with the polymerisation of bonding resin of the root canal sealers due to the availability of residual oxygen present in the dentinal tubules post irrigation, which decreases of the bond strength between resin obturating materials and root canal dentin (4).

Herbal extracts are more biofriendly and suited for endodontic irrigation due to their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, sedative and anxiolytic properties there by considered as ideal endodontic disinfectants (2). Proanthocyanidins (grape seed) are a complex subgroup of the flavanoid compound, found to be having good antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic as well as vasodilatory properties. Apart from this, Nuttall SL et al., in 1998 has proven that Proanthocyanidins exhibit good antioxidant properties and inhibit collagen breakdown (5),(6),(7),(8). Its ability of eliminating/removing the free radicals have been clearly reported in literature which is shown to be more effective against the residual oxygen.

Literature has shown wide spectrum antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of neem, ginger, garlic, aloe vera and turmeric amongst which neem extract has been proven to be an immensely versatile medicinal plant used in dentistry which makes it an excellent future endodontic irrigant (9),(10),(11). These properties help in eliminating/eradicating the residual oxygen layer formed on the root dentin, allowing better tubular penetration of sealer and enhanced polymerization leading to a 3-dimensional fluid tight seal between root dentin, sealer and gutta percha (core material). This may provide a better seal of the root canal space (12).

The other properties of herbals such as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory have been proved but there is a lacuna in the interaction of these herbal irrigants on root dentin and its effect on the push-out bond strength. Hence, the present study was done to evaluate the effect of 2% Azadirachta indica (neem leaf) and 10% proanthocyanidins (grape seed) irrigating solutions on the PBS of epoxy resin based root canal sealer to root dentin.

Material and Methods

This in-vitro study was conducted in the Department of Conservative and Endodontics at KLE VK Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, India, between June 2019 and August 2019. Institutional Ethics Committee approval was taken for the study (number IEC/VKIDS/216).

Inclusion criteria: Extracted human single rooted single canal mandibular premolar teeth with patent canals, teeth with apical width corresponding to No. 20 K-file or less were included in the study.

Exclusion criteria: Teeth with carious lesions, apical width more than No. 20 K-file size, with calcified canals and teeth with fracture/crack or a restoration were excluded from the study. Also teeth with anatomic variations such as extra canals, curved canals and C-shaped canals were also excluded from the study.

Procedure

Total 30 human permanent, intact and mature premolar teeth with single canals, recently extracted for periodontal reasons were selected by direct clinical examination for this study. They were divided into three groups of n=10 each as per the following:

Group 1- NaOCl as the irrigant,

Group 2- Grape seed extract as the irrigant,

Group 3- Neem leaf extract as the irrigant.

The specimens were cleaned using ultrasonic scaler and distilled water followed by immersion in 0.1% Thymol solution (manufacturer: SD Fine Chemicals Limited, Mumbai) for disinfection until use (13).

Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of Irrigants: The use of standard susceptibility tests (MIC and MBC) was done on E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) organism to determine appropriate concentration of the irrigant to be taken (Table/Fig 1).

Preparation of Irrigants

Grape extract irrigant- 10% solution; Neem extract-100 mL distilled water with 2 mg neem extract (2% extract).

The above concentrations were based on the results derived from MIC and MBC.

Preparation of 2% pure neem extract: The fresh neem leaves were procured from KLE University Shri BM Kankanwadi Ayurvedic Mahavidyalaya. The leaves were dried and powdered. Total 25 gms of neem leaf powder was measured in sterile disposable cup to which 50 mL of absolute ethanol (SD Fine Chemicals Limited, Mumbai) was added. Maceration of this mixture was done for 1-2 minutes and the extract obtained was filtered using filter cloth (Muslin) and Cellulose filter paper (Whatman). The coarse residue obtained was again subjected to the same process using 25 mL of ethanol. The extracts obtained in the above two steps were mixed together and filtered. The alcohol content in the extracts was removed by allowing the extract to boil on water bath till the volume was about 25 mL. The prepared extract was stored in an airtight sterile plastic container at 2-8oC. The final product was collected and stored for further test (10). A 100 mL distilled water was mixed with 2 mg neem extract to obtain 2% pure neem extract solution.

Preparation of 10% grape seed solution (stock solution): The grape seed extract (PAs) (95% i.e., 95 mg per 100 mg) was procured from Bulk Supplements (Alpspure Lifesciences Private Limited, Delhi, India). The stock solution of the extract was prepared direct by taking 10 mg of the grape seed extract to which 100 mL of distilled water was added thus producing a concentration of 10%.

Preparation of the Sample

Decoronation of the teeth was done to obtain a standardised tooth length of 12 mm followed by introduction of (MANI INC, JAPAN) for determining the true length of each root until its tip appeared through the major apical foramen. The canal patency was maintained and checked with a #10 K file. Followed by subtraction of 1 mm from the actual length which helped in determination of the working length modeling wax No.2- the Hindustan Dental Product (HDP) to prevent extrusion of irrigating solutions. All the canals were prepared by a postgraduate student in Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Department. After standardising the root length to 11 mm, the canals were prepared in the following sequential manner Propter Sx, S1, S2, F1, F2, F3 along with the irrigants using NiTi rotary files (Protaper Universal, Dentsply, India); Apical gauging and manufacturer’s instructions were followed and the master apical file (F3=0.30 mm) was used based on the apical gauging.

During the preparation of the canal, a total of 5 mL of 3% NaOCl (Manufacturer-Vishal Dentocare, Ahmedabad, Gujarat) was used for irrigation between instruments. After instrumentation all the root canals were rinsed with 5 mL of 17% Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) (Manufacturer- Canalarge, Ammdent, Punjab, India). It was done to remove the smear layer.

The final flush of the canals was done with their respective solutions, i.e., Group 1- NaOCl, Group 2- Grape seed extract, Group 3- Neem leaf extract. Keeping a standardised quantity and contact time of 5 mL and 5 minutes, respectively. Lastly the root canals were additionally rinsed with 5 mL of distilled water and the canals of all the samples were dried with paper points (Diadent Group International, Korea).

The canals were coated with AH Plus sealer (Dentsply, De Trey, Konstans, Germany) with the aid of a lentulospiral (Mani Inc., Tochigi, Japan) and obturated (single cone obturation technique) using F3 gutta-percha (DentsplyDeTrey, Konstans, Germany). The root samples were coronally sealed with intermediate restorative material (3-4 mm in thickness) (IRM, Dentsply DeTrey, Konstans, Germany). The samples were kept in 100% humidifier for 1 week.

Push out Bond Strength (PBS) Testing

A cylindrical mold was filled with auto polymerising acrylic resin (Manufacturer-Astra Chemtech Private Limited, Mumbai, India) and the roots were vertically embedded in it, until the acrylic resin set. Acrylic blocks were removed from the mold, and 1.5 mm thick slice was obtained from coronal, middle, and apical third of each embedded root sample using a rotating diamond disk under water-cooling. The middle segment was taken for the study. Each slice was subjected to PBS test in a universal testing machine (Tecsol, Chennai, India) using a metallic indenter with a round cross-section and diameters of 0.5 mm customised to test slices. A cross-head speed of 1 mm/min was used (7).

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software (IBM SPSS statistic for windows, version 20.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp). Data was entered as mean, standard deviation and standard error of mean. Statistical analysis was done using one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s Post-hoc test. The p-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Null hypothesis: There was no statistical difference in the push-out bond strength of the three intracanal irrigants used.

Results

The following order of PBS was observed in different groups in descending order: group 2> group 1> group 3 (Table/Fig 2).

There was a significant difference between the mean values of push-out bond strengths of the three groups (p-value <0.001) (Table/Fig 3).

Group 2 had significantly higher push out bond strength as compared to Group 3 (p-value <0.001). However, there was no significant difference seen between Group 3 and Group 1 (p-value=0.207) (Table/Fig 4). On the basis of the results obtained in the study the null hypothesis was rejected.

Discussion

One of the main target of endodontic treatment is to attain a monoblock effect which would prevent the entry or abidance of microorganisms (1),(14),(15),(16).

The endodontic irrigants used may cause structural and chemical alteration in the dentinal composition, thereby impacting its penetrability and affect the materials adhesion to the dentinal surface (12). The commonly used root canal irrigants is NaOCl which have shown to have deleterious effect on the root dentin by causing degradation of root dentin collagen (13).

Also, residuum of this strong oxidizing agent or its oxidative by products are revealed to impede the adhesion of epoxy resins to the canal and the free radical polymerization of methacrylate resins which may inturn reduce the bond strength (7). Hence, herbal irrigants may be used during instrumentation owing to their antioxidant property in addition to being an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agent (17). The antioxidant property may lead to scavenging of the oxidative byproducts thereby increasing the adhesion of sealer to the root dentin (17). Previous studies have shown that they may cause inhibition of collagen breakdown along with stiffening and cross-linking of the collagen (7),(17),(18).

AH plus sealer was used in the current study which has been effectively proved to have the highest root dentin bond strength, the explanation for this is because AH plus sealer is an epoxy resin-based sealer which strongly forms covalent bonds with root dentin due to the opening of its epoxide ring. It undergoes homogenous polymerisation with greater bond strength when compared to the bond strength of monoblock due to the absence of photo polymerisation system as its chemical property (19).

Various tests used to measure bond strength are microtensile strength testing, shear strength testing, and push-out strength testing (20). The method of testing the bond strength chosen for this study was push-out design. A study by Goracci C et al., concluded that push-out technique was more reliable and precise than the microtensile technique for measurement of bond strength to dentin (21). Push-out bond strength is the measurement of resistance to dislodging force by root filling materials during function, which is a highly desirable quality (22). The main foreseeable reason to select this test is due to the easy alignment of the samples for testing, as it is comparatively less sensitive to changes in small variations among specimens and also to the variation of stress distribution during load application (20).

Middle third of the root was chosen in this study for the push-out test as according to Üstün Y et al., the coronal and middle third part have anatomically larger root canal space when compared to the apical third which would lead to better circulation of root canal irrigants (23).

The results of the present study showed that proanthocyanidins had highest push-out bond strength followed by NaOCl and Azadirachta indica (neem). However, there was no significant difference seen in the push-out bond strength of proanthocyanidin and NaOCl (p-value=0.207). The push-out bond strength value of proanthocyanidin was significantly higher compared to neem leaf (p-value <0.001). The results are supported by previous studies by Nikaido T et al., and Morris MD et al., which stated that use of NaOCl during instrumentation removes the organic debris from the canal, in due course it also causes degradation of root dentin collagen and decreased the bond strength of AH Plus to dentin (24),(25).

A chemical bond is seen between the epoxy resin based sealer and the amino groups of the dentin in which, collagen plays a pivotal role in the adhesion between the sealer and the root dentin (7). According to Kumar PS et al, chloramines and protein-derived radical intermediates are dissociated from NaOCl leading to adverse effects on the pyridinoline cross-links present within the type 1 collagen (7). Thus, irrigation with NaOCl results in a structurally compromised collagen in the root dentin (7).

Irrigation with 10% grape seed extract (proanthocyanidins) showed better push-out bond strength as compared to use of 3% NaOCl in this study, this may be due to polyphenolic structures of proanthocyanidins that are capable of forming stable hydrogen bond structures and produce non biodegradable collagen matrices (26).

Previous study by Kumar PS et al., has concluded that 6% proanthocyanidins and 25% bamboo salt had consequently increased leading to enhanced resistance to biodegradation which was due to the intermolecular and intramolecular cross-links in collagen. Hence the bond strength values of specimens treated with proanthocyanidins and bamboo salt was significantly higher compared to NaOCl (p-value <0.05) (7).

The cross-linking and stiffening of collagen and reduction in collagen degradation after treatment with proanthocyanidins along with high affinity of proline rich proteins in the collagen of proanthocyanidins might be the reason for greater bond strength in proanthocyanidins-treated specimens (26),(27).

Limitation(s)

Brownish discolouration of the tooth was observed after the specimens where irrigated with proanthocyanidins stock solution. However, this warrants further studies with bigger sample size. More in-vitro studies and clinical trials are needed to evaluate the biocompatibility and safety of these novel intracanal irrigants.

Conclusion

A 10% proanthocyanidins showed highest push-out bond strength among the three irrigants used this study, followed by 3% NaOCl and the least push-out bond strength was seen with 2% neem extract. Further long-term clinical and in-vitro studies using the similar irrigation protocol and sealers are warranted to substantiate these findings.

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DOI and Others

DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2022/46343.16173

Date of Submission: Aug 18, 2020
Date of Peer Review: Sep 14, 2020
Date of Acceptance: Apr 07, 2021
Date of Publishing: Mar 01, 2022

AUTHOR DECLARATION:
• Financial or Other Competing Interests: None
• Was Ethics Committee Approval obtained for this study? Yes
• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects involved in the study? NA
• For any images presented appropriate consent has been obtained from the subjects. NA

PLAGIARISM CHECKING METHODS:
• Plagiarism X-checker: Aug 22, 2020
• Manual Googling: Apr 06, 2021
• iThenticate Software: Feb 28, 2022 (24%)

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