Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, ISSN - 0973 - 709X

Users Online : 101699

AbstractMaterial and MethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionReferencesDOI and Others
Article in PDF How to Cite Citation Manager Readers' Comments (0) Audio Visual Article Statistics Link to PUBMED Print this Article Send to a Friend
Advertisers Access Statistics Resources

Dr Mohan Z Mani

"Thank you very much for having published my article in record time.I would like to compliment you and your entire staff for your promptness, courtesy, and willingness to be customer friendly, which is quite unusual.I was given your reference by a colleague in pathology,and was able to directly phone your editorial office for clarifications.I would particularly like to thank the publication managers and the Assistant Editor who were following up my article. I would also like to thank you for adjusting the money I paid initially into payment for my modified article,and refunding the balance.
I wish all success to your journal and look forward to sending you any suitable similar article in future"



Dr Mohan Z Mani,
Professor & Head,
Department of Dermatolgy,
Believers Church Medical College,
Thiruvalla, Kerala
On Sep 2018




Prof. Somashekhar Nimbalkar

"Over the last few years, we have published our research regularly in Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. Having published in more than 20 high impact journals over the last five years including several high impact ones and reviewing articles for even more journals across my fields of interest, we value our published work in JCDR for their high standards in publishing scientific articles. The ease of submission, the rapid reviews in under a month, the high quality of their reviewers and keen attention to the final process of proofs and publication, ensure that there are no mistakes in the final article. We have been asked clarifications on several occasions and have been happy to provide them and it exemplifies the commitment to quality of the team at JCDR."



Prof. Somashekhar Nimbalkar
Head, Department of Pediatrics, Pramukhswami Medical College, Karamsad
Chairman, Research Group, Charutar Arogya Mandal, Karamsad
National Joint Coordinator - Advanced IAP NNF NRP Program
Ex-Member, Governing Body, National Neonatology Forum, New Delhi
Ex-President - National Neonatology Forum Gujarat State Chapter
Department of Pediatrics, Pramukhswami Medical College, Karamsad, Anand, Gujarat.
On Sep 2018




Dr. Kalyani R

"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research is at present a well-known Indian originated scientific journal which started with a humble beginning. I have been associated with this journal since many years. I appreciate the Editor, Dr. Hemant Jain, for his constant effort in bringing up this journal to the present status right from the scratch. The journal is multidisciplinary. It encourages in publishing the scientific articles from postgraduates and also the beginners who start their career. At the same time the journal also caters for the high quality articles from specialty and super-specialty researchers. Hence it provides a platform for the scientist and researchers to publish. The other aspect of it is, the readers get the information regarding the most recent developments in science which can be used for teaching, research, treating patients and to some extent take preventive measures against certain diseases. The journal is contributing immensely to the society at national and international level."



Dr Kalyani R
Professor and Head
Department of Pathology
Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College
Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research , Kolar, Karnataka
On Sep 2018




Dr. Saumya Navit

"As a peer-reviewed journal, the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research provides an opportunity to researchers, scientists and budding professionals to explore the developments in the field of medicine and dentistry and their varied specialities, thus extending our view on biological diversities of living species in relation to medicine.
‘Knowledge is treasure of a wise man.’ The free access of this journal provides an immense scope of learning for the both the old and the young in field of medicine and dentistry as well. The multidisciplinary nature of the journal makes it a better platform to absorb all that is being researched and developed. The publication process is systematic and professional. Online submission, publication and peer reviewing makes it a user-friendly journal.
As an experienced dentist and an academician, I proudly recommend this journal to the dental fraternity as a good quality open access platform for rapid communication of their cutting-edge research progress and discovery.
I wish JCDR a great success and I hope that journal will soar higher with the passing time."



Dr Saumya Navit
Professor and Head
Department of Pediatric Dentistry
Saraswati Dental College
Lucknow
On Sep 2018




Dr. Arunava Biswas

"My sincere attachment with JCDR as an author as well as reviewer is a learning experience . Their systematic approach in publication of article in various categories is really praiseworthy.
Their prompt and timely response to review's query and the manner in which they have set the reviewing process helps in extracting the best possible scientific writings for publication.
It's a honour and pride to be a part of the JCDR team. My very best wishes to JCDR and hope it will sparkle up above the sky as a high indexed journal in near future."



Dr. Arunava Biswas
MD, DM (Clinical Pharmacology)
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmacology
Calcutta National Medical College & Hospital , Kolkata




Dr. C.S. Ramesh Babu
" Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR) is a multi-specialty medical and dental journal publishing high quality research articles in almost all branches of medicine. The quality of printing of figures and tables is excellent and comparable to any International journal. An added advantage is nominal publication charges and monthly issue of the journal and more chances of an article being accepted for publication. Moreover being a multi-specialty journal an article concerning a particular specialty has a wider reach of readers of other related specialties also. As an author and reviewer for several years I find this Journal most suitable and highly recommend this Journal."
Best regards,
C.S. Ramesh Babu,
Associate Professor of Anatomy,
Muzaffarnagar Medical College,
Muzaffarnagar.
On Aug 2018




Dr. Arundhathi. S
"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR) is a reputed peer reviewed journal and is constantly involved in publishing high quality research articles related to medicine. Its been a great pleasure to be associated with this esteemed journal as a reviewer and as an author for a couple of years. The editorial board consists of many dedicated and reputed experts as its members and they are doing an appreciable work in guiding budding researchers. JCDR is doing a commendable job in scientific research by promoting excellent quality research & review articles and case reports & series. The reviewers provide appropriate suggestions that improve the quality of articles. I strongly recommend my fraternity to encourage JCDR by contributing their valuable research work in this widely accepted, user friendly journal. I hope my collaboration with JCDR will continue for a long time".



Dr. Arundhathi. S
MBBS, MD (Pathology),
Sanjay Gandhi institute of trauma and orthopedics,
Bengaluru.
On Aug 2018




Dr. Mamta Gupta,
"It gives me great pleasure to be associated with JCDR, since last 2-3 years. Since then I have authored, co-authored and reviewed about 25 articles in JCDR. I thank JCDR for giving me an opportunity to improve my own skills as an author and a reviewer.
It 's a multispecialty journal, publishing high quality articles. It gives a platform to the authors to publish their research work which can be available for everyone across the globe to read. The best thing about JCDR is that the full articles of all medical specialties are available as pdf/html for reading free of cost or without institutional subscription, which is not there for other journals. For those who have problem in writing manuscript or do statistical work, JCDR comes for their rescue.
The journal has a monthly publication and the articles are published quite fast. In time compared to other journals. The on-line first publication is also a great advantage and facility to review one's own articles before going to print. The response to any query and permission if required, is quite fast; this is quite commendable. I have a very good experience about seeking quick permission for quoting a photograph (Fig.) from a JCDR article for my chapter authored in an E book. I never thought it would be so easy. No hassles.
Reviewing articles is no less a pain staking process and requires in depth perception, knowledge about the topic for review. It requires time and concentration, yet I enjoy doing it. The JCDR website especially for the reviewers is quite user friendly. My suggestions for improving the journal is, more strict review process, so that only high quality articles are published. I find a a good number of articles in Obst. Gynae, hence, a new journal for this specialty titled JCDR-OG can be started. May be a bimonthly or quarterly publication to begin with. Only selected articles should find a place in it.
An yearly reward for the best article authored can also incentivize the authors. Though the process of finding the best article will be not be very easy. I do not know how reviewing process can be improved. If an article is being reviewed by two reviewers, then opinion of one can be communicated to the other or the final opinion of the editor can be communicated to the reviewer if requested for. This will help one’s reviewing skills.
My best wishes to Dr. Hemant Jain and all the editorial staff of JCDR for their untiring efforts to bring out this journal. I strongly recommend medical fraternity to publish their valuable research work in this esteemed journal, JCDR".



Dr. Mamta Gupta
Consultant
(Ex HOD Obs &Gynae, Hindu Rao Hospital and associated NDMC Medical College, Delhi)
Aug 2018




Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey

"I wish to thank Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), for asking me to write up few words.
Writing is the representation of language in a textual medium i e; into the words and sentences on paper. Quality medical manuscript writing in particular, demands not only a high-quality research, but also requires accurate and concise communication of findings and conclusions, with adherence to particular journal guidelines. In medical field whether working in teaching, private, or in corporate institution, everyone wants to excel in his / her own field and get recognised by making manuscripts publication.


Authors are the souls of any journal, and deserve much respect. To publish a journal manuscripts are needed from authors. Authors have a great responsibility for producing facts of their work in terms of number and results truthfully and an individual honesty is expected from authors in this regards. Both ways its true "No authors-No manuscripts-No journals" and "No journals–No manuscripts–No authors". Reviewing a manuscript is also a very responsible and important task of any peer-reviewed journal and to be taken seriously. It needs knowledge on the subject, sincerity, honesty and determination. Although the process of reviewing a manuscript is a time consuming task butit is expected to give one's best remarks within the time frame of the journal.
Salient features of the JCDR: It is a biomedical, multidisciplinary (including all medical and dental specialities), e-journal, with wide scope and extensive author support. At the same time, a free text of manuscript is available in HTML and PDF format. There is fast growing authorship and readership with JCDR as this can be judged by the number of articles published in it i e; in Feb 2007 of its first issue, it contained 5 articles only, and now in its recent volume published in April 2011, it contained 67 manuscripts. This e-journal is fulfilling the commitments and objectives sincerely, (as stated by Editor-in-chief in his preface to first edition) i e; to encourage physicians through the internet, especially from the developing countries who witness a spectrum of disease and acquire a wealth of knowledge to publish their experiences to benefit the medical community in patients care. I also feel that many of us have work of substance, newer ideas, adequate clinical materials but poor in medical writing and hesitation to submit the work and need help. JCDR provides authors help in this regards.
Timely publication of journal: Publication of manuscripts and bringing out the issue in time is one of the positive aspects of JCDR and is possible with strong support team in terms of peer reviewers, proof reading, language check, computer operators, etc. This is one of the great reasons for authors to submit their work with JCDR. Another best part of JCDR is "Online first Publications" facilities available for the authors. This facility not only provides the prompt publications of the manuscripts but at the same time also early availability of the manuscripts for the readers.
Indexation and online availability: Indexation transforms the journal in some sense from its local ownership to the worldwide professional community and to the public.JCDR is indexed with Embase & EMbiology, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, Chemical Abstracts Service, Journal seek Database, Indian Science Abstracts, to name few of them. Manuscriptspublished in JCDR are available on major search engines ie; google, yahoo, msn.
In the era of fast growing newer technologies, and in computer and internet friendly environment the manuscripts preparation, submission, review, revision, etc and all can be done and checked with a click from all corer of the world, at any time. Of course there is always a scope for improvement in every field and none is perfect. To progress, one needs to identify the areas of one's weakness and to strengthen them.
It is well said that "happy beginning is half done" and it fits perfectly with JCDR. It has grown considerably and I feel it has already grown up from its infancy to adolescence, achieving the status of standard online e-journal form Indian continent since its inception in Feb 2007. This had been made possible due to the efforts and the hard work put in it. The way the JCDR is improving with every new volume, with good quality original manuscripts, makes it a quality journal for readers. I must thank and congratulate Dr Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief JCDR and his team for their sincere efforts, dedication, and determination for making JCDR a fast growing journal.
Every one of us: authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher are responsible for enhancing the stature of the journal. I wish for a great success for JCDR."



Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011




Dr. Shankar P.R.

"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
Areas for improvement: In certain cases, I felt that the peer review process of the manuscripts was not up to international standards and that it should be strengthened. Also, the number of manuscripts in an issue is high and it may be difficult for readers to go through all of them. The journal can consider tightening of the peer review process and increasing the quality standards for the acceptance of the manuscripts. I faced occasional problems with the online manuscript submission (Pre-publishing) system, which have to be addressed.
Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."



Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011
Anuradha

Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.


Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020

Important Notice

Original article / research
Year : 2022 | Month : January | Volume : 16 | Issue : 1 | Page : ZC13 - ZC17 Full Version

Effects of Sintering Temperature and Finishing Procedure on Surface Roughness of Different Yttria Content Zirconia


Published: January 1, 2022 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2022/51471.15844
Canan Dogdu, Gulsum Ceylan

1. PhD Student, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey. 2. DDS, PhD, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Correspondence Address :
Dr. Gulsum Ceylan,
Medipol Universitesi Cibali Mah Ataturk Bulvari No: 27 Unkapani Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey.
E-mail: gulsumcyln@gmail.com

Abstract

Introduction: Zirconia-based ceramics have been successfully used to fabricate dental prostheses using the dental Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) system. Fabrication and finishing of new generation zirconia ceramics is an important issue for the success of restorations. It is necessary to investigate whether these processes affect the surface properties of zirconia materials.

Aim: To investigate the effects of different sintering temperatures and finishing procedures on the surface roughness of zirconia.

Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was carried out in the Erciyes University Research Laboratory from 7th January to 4th April 2021. Katana Ultra Translucent Multi Layered (KT10; Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc., Tokyo, Japan) and Zolid High Translucent+Preshade (AmannGirrbach AG, Herrschaftswiesen, Austria) were the two types of zirconia materials used in this in-vitro study. Total 40 samples (20 in each group) were produced using the dry program in the I?nLAB MC X5 milling machine (Dentsply Sirona, Bensheim, Germany). Total 20 specimens (10 from each group) were sintered in a furnace for 2 hour at 1450°C and the remaining 20 specimens (10 from each group) were sintered at 1650°C. The two surfaces of the specimens were divided into two groups; one surface of the specimens underwent polishing and the other underwent glazing. A profilometer was used to analyse the surface roughness of the specimens. Three-way analysis of variance was used to assess significant differences in the average roughness values based on the material, sintering temperature, finishing procedure.

Results: The surface roughness values differed between specimens that underwent the glazing and the polishing process at high sintering temperatures. The glazed samples (1.154 µm) had higher surface roughness values than the polished samples (0.808 µm) at 1650°C.

Conclusion: The polishing process is recommended instead of glazing as a finishing procedure for zirconia materials.

Keywords

Ceramics, Computer-aided manufacturing, Glazing, Profilometer

Zirconia ceramics display good mechanical properties and high biocompatibility and are widely following the development of the Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology. Additives such as yttria (3 mol%) were added to zirconia ceramics to stabilise the tetragonal crystal phase with the Yttria Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals (3Y-TZP) and to improve the aesthetics (1). The translucent properties of first-generation 3Y-TZPs were subsequently improved by including a cubic phase, raising the yttria content, removing the porosity by sintering at high temperature, and reducing the concentration of Al2O3 (from 0.25% to 0.1%) (2). On the other hand, the strength and toughness of the material were decreased due to the stress-induced transformation of the zirconia ceramic (3). The mechanical properties of zirconia ceramics with 5-8 mol% yttria were affected due to the cubic phase and the increased yttria content (1),(4). The sintering temperature affects the mean grain size and pore diameter of zirconia (5), enhances the physical properties of the material (6), and markedly affects its roughness (7).

Finishing procedures are important for the long-term success of zirconia ceramics. These procedures not only improve the appearance of the restoration, but also provide compatibility with the surrounding tissues, reduce antagonistic teeth wear, and prevent bacterial invasion (8). It is highly recommended to smoothen the rough surfaces on the zirconia ceramic restoration (9),(10). Rough surfaces can cause antagonistic tooth wear, plaque accumulation, patient discomfort; additionally, it can adversely affect the aesthetics when compared to polished surfaces (11). Polishing results in a shiny and smooth surface. Glazing is a common procedure performed to achieve an aesthetic glass-covered look on the surface of the restoration. Glazing helps to achieve a natural tooth-like shine. It provides surface smoothness by reducing the depth and width of the surface defect (12),(13).

Generally, the same finishing procedures and sintering temperatures are applied to zirconia ceramics, despite variations in the yttria content (14),(15). Fabricated and final procedures should be examined according to the surface characteristics of zirconia materials. The aim of this study was to evaluate the surface properties of the zirconia ceramics and to examine the effect of the sintering temperature on the surface roughness after glazing and polishing. The null hypothesis was that the surface roughness would not be affected by the different finishing procedures and sintering temperatures.

Material and Methods

This in-vitro study was carried out in the Erciyes University research Laboratory from 7th January to 4th April 2021. Two types of zirconia ceramics were used in this in-vitro study were Katana Ultra Translucent Multi Layered (UTML; KT10; Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc., Tokyo, Japan) containing 5 mol% yttria and Zolid High Translucent (HT)+ Preshade (AmannGirrbach AG, Herrschaftswiesen, Austria) containing 6-7 mol% yttria (Table/Fig 1). Three-Dimensional (3D) images were created using the Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software program (dimensions, 12×12 mm square; thickness, 1 mm) (Table/Fig 2). The image was saved as an STL (STereoLithography) file and sent to the milling unit.

A total of 40 samples (20 from the Katana UTML block and 20 from the Zolid HT+ preshade block) were produced using the I?nLAB MC X5 milling machine (dry program; Dentsply Sirona, Bensheim, Almanya). The connection parts of the milled samples were corrected before sintering. The specimens were then sintered in a furnace (I?n Therm, Amann Girrbach AG, Germany) at 1450°C (n=10 from each group; Temperature A) and 1650°C (n=10 from each group; Temperature B) with a duration of 2 hours for heating.

Subsequently, one surface of the specimens underwent polishing and the other underwent glazing. The mechanical polishing was performed using the EVE polishing kit (EVE Diacera, EVA Ernst Vetter GmbH, Pforzheim, Germany) and a universal polishing paste (Renfert Polish, Renfert GmbH, Germany) at a speed of 10,000 rpm for 30 seconds, as described previously (16),(17),(18). The polishing was accomplished by a single trained operator (CD) using a handpiece (low speed) at an angle of 90°. The other surface was glazed (Ivoclar Glaze, Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Liechtenstein) and fired in a porcelain furnace (Programat P310, Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Liechtenstein) using the glazing program, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Both the surfaces of the specimens were cleaned using a steam device (Gazella, Gold dental, Silter, Turkey). A profilometer (Surftest SJ-310 Mitutoyo, ABD) was used to analyse the surfaces of the zirconia specimens. Three measurements were obtained from each of the two surfaces from each specimen and the average surface roughness values (Ra) were calculated.

Statistical Analysis

Three-way analysis of variance was used to assess significant differences in the average roughness values based on the material, sintering temperature, finishing procedure. The Duncan test was used to compare each groups. The data were tested for normal distribution using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The statistical analysis was performed using IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0, and the significance level was set as p-value <0.05.

Results

The average surface roughness of all the groups is given in (Table/Fig 3). The Zolid HT+ preshade zirconia presented with less surface roughness than the Katana UTML zirconia at low sintering temperatures (temperature A). The average surface roughness value of the Zolid HT+ preshade zirconia was lower than that of the Katana UTML zirconia in the group that underwent the glazing procedure at high sintering temperatures (temperature B). Alternatively, the Katana UTML zirconia specimens showed lower average surface roughness values than the Zolid HT+ preshade zirconia specimens in the group that underwent polishing at high sintering temperatures (temperature B). The least roughness value (0.795 µm) was observed in the Katana UTML zirconia material that was polished at temperature B. The highest roughness value (1.205 µm) was observed in the Katana UTML zirconia material that was glazed at temperature B. significant association was found between the finishing procedures and roughness values ((p-value=0.013) (Table/Fig 4). The average surface roughness value for all groups after glazing was 1.075 µm, and that after polishing was 0.892 µm. The association between the sintering temperature and the surface treatments was found to be statistically significant on the roughness values (p-value=0.026). At temperature A, the average value of the glazed surface was 0.996, while that of the polished surface was 0.976 µm; likewise, at temperature B, the average value of the glazed surface was 1.154 µm, and that of the polished surface was 0.808 µm. The main effects of the material and the sintering temperature did not have any statistically significant effect on the roughness values (p-value=0.281). Likewise, interactions among the material, sintering temperature, and surface treatments did not significantly affect the roughness values.

Discussion

This study assessed the effects of glazing and polishing and the sintering temperature on the surface roughness of zirconia ceramics. Significant differences in the roughness values were observed between specimens that underwent the two different finishing procedures, thus rejecting the null hypothesis of this study.

Differences in the yttrium content could induce different surface characteristics, such as variations in the grain size and the phase proportions (3),(19),(20),(21). An increase in the grain size has been reported when the sintering temperature is increased (22),(23). Amarante JEV et al., reported an inversely proportional relationship between the tetragonal and cubic grain size and the surface roughness (24). In the current study, no significant difference was found in terms of the surface roughness between the two zirconia materials with different yttria content. However, differences in surface roughness have been reported in other studies (2),(8),(14). This discrepancy in the results could be attributed to the use of different polishing protocols and systems. One study reported similar results in specimens that underwent polishing and glazing (2). In the present study, no significant difference between the polishing (0.976 µm) and glazing (0.996 µm) processes at sintering temperature A was observed. Some zirconia polishing systems are known to produce surfaces that are considerably smoother than other systems (18),(25). In the present study, the surface roughness values of the polishing surfaces were lower than those of the glazed surfaces. Polishing instead of glazing has been reported to reduce the surface roughness of monolithic zirconia (26),(27),(28). A glazed surface is reported to break during wear because it is weaker and softer than the zirconia surface (29). In cases where an aesthetic glazed restoration is required, it is recommended to polish the surface before glazing (2),(10). Moreover, the surface roughness of a damaged glazed layer was reported to be higher than that of a non glazed layer (30). In the present study, the glazed samples had higher surface roughness values than the polished samples at 1650°C.

No significant differences in the surface roughness values of zirconia ceramic samples have been reported based on variations in the sintering parameters (31),(32),(33). Similarly, the different sintering parameters did not appear to affect the surface roughness in the current study. Inokoshi M et al., reported that variations in the sintering temperature and holding time increased the cubic phase in the surface of the structure; the cubic phase was increased due to the increase in the two parameters (34). Preis V et al., reported that the cubic phase increases when the sintering temperature is increased above 1450°C (29). Some studies have reported the presence of large cubic grains in zirconia at high sintering temperatures (34),(35),(36),(37). In the current study, the interaction between the sintering temperature and the finishing procedure used was found to have a statistically significant effect on the roughness value. However, this might be related to the difference between the polished and the glazed surfaces. No significant association was observed between the material content and the surface roughness. Comparison between various studies has been done in (Table/Fig 5) (2),(8),(14),(25),(32),(33).

Limitation(s)

One of the limitations of this in-vitro study is the small sample size and the low number of parameters tested. The polishing process can be affected by several other factors such as pressure, rotations per minute, and time.

Conclusion

Within the limitations of this in-vitro study, differences in yttria content and different sintering temperatures did not affect the surface roughness of the zirconia ceramics. Polishing of the surface of the zirconia ceramic significantly reduced the roughness value when compared to glazing. These findings indicate that polishing is recommended as a finishing procedure for zirconia materials.

The finishing procedures of new generation zirconia materials should be examined using more groups and the effect of the same material by the differences in the production process should be evaluated. Additional studies are required to determine whether variations in sintering temperature can influence the surface of the material based on its content.

References

1.
Manziuc MM, Gasparik C, Burde AV, Colosi HA, Negucioiu M, Dudea D. Effect of glazing on translucency, color, and surface roughness of monolithic zirconia materials. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2019;31(5):478-85. [crossref] [PubMed]
2.
Khayat W, Chebib N, Finkelman M, Khayat S, Ali A. Effect of grinding and polishing on roughness and strength of zirconia. J Prosthet Dent. 2018;119(4):626-31. [crossref] [PubMed]
3.
Zhang Y, Lawn B. Novel zirconia materials in dentistry. J Dent Res. 2018;97(2):140-47. [crossref] [PubMed]
4.
Elsayed A, Meyer G, Wille S, Kern M. Influence of the yttrium content on the fracture strength of monolithic zirconia crowns after artificial aging. Quintessence Int. 2019;50(5):344-48.
5.
Cardoso KV, Adabo GL, Mariscal-Muñoz E, Antonio SG, Arioli Filho JN. Effect of sintering temperature on microstructure, flexural strength, and optical properties of a fully stabilised monolithic zirconia. J Prosthet Dent. 2020;124(5):594-98. [crossref] [PubMed]
6.
Sulaiman TA, Abdulmajeed AA, Shahramian K, Lassila L. Effect of different treatments on the flexural strength of fully versus partially stabilised monolithic zirconia. J Prosthet Dent. 2017;118(2):216-20. [crossref] [PubMed]
7.
Lucas TJ, Lawson NC, Janowski GM, Burgess JO. Effect of grain size on the monoclinic transformation, hardness, roughness, and modulus of aged partially stabilised zirconia. Dent Mater. 2015;31(12):1487-92. [crossref] [PubMed]
8.
Goo C, Yap A, Tan K, Fawzy A. Effect of polishing systems on surface roughness and topography of monolithic zirconia. Oper Dent. 2016;41(4):417-23. [crossref] [PubMed]
9.
Rashid H. The effect of surface roughness on ceramics used in dentistry: A review of literature. Eur J Dent. 2014;8(4):571-79. [crossref] [PubMed]
10.
Janyavula S, Lawson N, Cakir D, Beck P, Ramp LC, Burgess JO. The wear of polished and glazed zirconia against enamel. J Prosthet Dent. 2013;109(1):22-29. [crossref]
11.
Huh YH, Yang EC, Park CJ, Cho LR. In vitro evaluation of the polishing effect and optical properties of monolithic zirconia. J Prosthet Dent. 2018;119(6):994-99. [crossref] [PubMed]
12.
Kumchai H, Juntavee P, Sun AF, Nathanson D. Effect of glazing on flexural strength of full-contour zirconia. Int J Dent. 2018;2018:8793481. [crossref] [PubMed]
13.
Zucuni CP, Guilardi LF, Rippe MP, Pereira GKR, Valandro LF. Fatigue strength of yttria-stabilised zirconia polycrystals: Effects of grinding, polishing, glazing, and heat treatment. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2017;75:512-20. [crossref] [PubMed]
14.
Shin HS, Lee JS. Comparison of surface topography and roughness in different yttrium oxide compositions of dental zirconia after grinding and polishing. J Adv Prosthodont. 2021;13(4):258-67. [crossref] [PubMed]
15.
Grambow J, Wille S, Kern M. Impact of changes in sintering temperatures on characteristics of 4YSZ and 5YSZ. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials. 2021;120:104586. [crossref] [PubMed]
16.
Park C, Vang MS, Park SW, Lim HP. Effect of various polishing systems on the surface roughness and phase transformation of zirconia and the durability of the polishing systems. J Prosthet Dent. 2017;117(3):430-37. [crossref] [PubMed]
17.
Ozen F, Demirkol N, Oz OP. Effect of surface finishing treatments on the color stability of CAD/CAM materials. J Adv Prosthodont. 2020;12(3):150-56. [crossref] [PubMed]
18.
Huh YH, Park CJ, Cho LR. Evaluation of various polishing systems and the phase transformation of monolithic zirconia. J Prosthet Dent. 2016;116(3):440-49. [crossref] [PubMed]
19.
Alghazzawi TF, Lemons J, Liu PR, Essig ME, Bartolucci AA, Janowski GM. Influence of low-temperature environmental exposure on the mechanical properties and structural stability of dental zirconia. Journal of Prosthodontics: Implant, Esthetic and Reconstructive Dentistry. 2012;21(5):363-69. [crossref] [PubMed]
20.
Candido L, Miotto L, Fais L, Cesar P, Pinelli L. Mechanical and surface properties of monolithic zirconia. Operative Dentistry. 2018;43(3):E119-28. [crossref] [PubMed]
21.
Kelly JR, Denry I. Stabilised zirconia as a structural ceramic: An overview. Dent Mater. 2008;24(3):289-98. [crossref] [PubMed]
22.
Jansen JU, Lümkemann N, Letz I, Pfefferle R, Sener B, Stawarczyk B. Impact of high-speed sintering on translucency, phase content, grain sizes, and flexural strength of 3Y-TZP and 4Y-TZP zirconia materials. J Prosthet Dent. 2019;122(4):396-403. [crossref] [PubMed]
23.
Ebeid K, Wille S, Salah T, Wahsh M, Zohdy M, Kern M. Evaluation of surface treatments of monolithic zirconia in different sintering stages. J Prosthodont Res. 2018;62(2):210-17. [crossref] [PubMed]
24.
Amarante JEV, Pereira MVS, de Souza GM, Alves MFRP, Simba BG, dos Santos C. Roughness and its effects on flexural strength of dental yttria-stabilised zirconia ceramics. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2019;739:149-57. [crossref]
25.
Hatanaka GR, Polli GS, Adabo GL. The mechanical behavior of high-translucent monolithic zirconia after adjustment and finishing procedures and artificial aging. J Prosthet Dent. 2020;123(2):330-37. [crossref] [PubMed]
26.
Chavali R, Lin CP, Lawson NC. Evaluation of different polishing systems and speeds for dental zirconia. J Prosthodont. 2017;26(5):410-18. [crossref] [PubMed]
27.
Amer R, Kürklü D, Kateeb E, Seghi RR. Three-body wear potential of dental yttrium-stabilised zirconia ceramic after grinding, polishing, and glazing treatments. J Prosthet Dent. 2014;112(5):1151-55. [crossref] [PubMed]
28.
Heintze SD, Cavalleri A, Forjanic M, Zellweger G, Rousson V. Wear of ceramic and antagonist- A systematic evaluation of influencing factors in vitro. Dent Mater. 2008;24(4):433-49. [crossref] [PubMed]
28.
Preis V, Behr M, Handel G, Schneider-Feyrer S, Hahnel S, Rosentritt M. Wear performance of dental ceramics after grinding and polishing treatments. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2012;10:13-22. [crossref] [PubMed]
30.
Lawson NC, Janyavula S, Syklawer S, McLaren EA, Burgess JO. Wear of enamel opposing zirconia and lithium disilicate after adjustment, polishing and glazing. J Dent. 2014;42(12):1586-91. [crossref] [PubMed]
31.
Fontolliet A, Husain NAH, Özcan M. Wear analysis and topographical properties of monolithic zirconia and CoCr against human enamel after polishing and glazing procedures. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2020;105:103712. [crossref] [PubMed]
32.
Preis V, Schmalzbauer M, Bougeard D, Schneider-Feyrer S, Rosentritt M. Surface properties of monolithic zirconia after dental adjustment treatments and in vitro wear simulation. J Dent. 2015;43(1):133-39. [crossref] [PubMed]
33.
Öztürk C, Can G. Effect of sintering parameters on the mechanical properties of monolithic zirconia. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2019;13(4):247-52. [crossref] [PubMed]
34.
Inokoshi M, Zhang F, De Munck J, Minakuchi S, Naert I, Vleugels J, et al. Influence of sintering conditions on low-temperature degradation of dental zirconia. Dent Mater. 2014;30(6):669-78. [crossref] [PubMed]
35.
Casellas D, Alcala J, Llanes L, Anglada M. Fracture variability and R-curve behavior in yttria-stabilised zirconia ceramics. Journal of Materials Science. 2001;36(12):3011-25. [crossref]
36.
Casellas D, Feder A, Llanes L, Anglada M. Fracture toughness and mechanical strength of Y-TZP/PSZ ceramics. Scripta Materialia. 2001;45(2):213-20. [crossref]
37.
Ruiz L, Readey MJ. Effect of heat treatment on grain size, phase assemblage, and mechanical properties of 3 mol% Y-TZP. J Am Ceram Soc. 1996;79(9):2331-40. [crossref]

DOI and Others

DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2022/51471.15844

Date of Submission: Jul 19, 2021
Date of Peer Review: Sep 09, 2021
Date of Acceptance: Nov 09, 2021
Date of Publishing: Jan 01, 2022

AUTHOR DECLARATION:
• Financial or Other Competing Interests: None
• Was Ethics Committee Approval obtained for this study? No
• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects involved in the study? NA
• For any images presented appropriate consent has been obtained from the subjects. NA

PLAGIARISM CHECKING METHODS:
• Plagiarism X-checker: Jul 21, 2021
• Manual Googling: Nov 08, 2021
• iThenticate Software: Dec 03, 2021 (12%)

ETYMOLOGY: Author Origin

JCDR is now Monthly and more widely Indexed .
  • Emerging Sources Citation Index (Web of Science, thomsonreuters)
  • Index Copernicus ICV 2017: 134.54
  • Academic Search Complete Database
  • Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
  • Embase
  • EBSCOhost
  • Google Scholar
  • HINARI Access to Research in Health Programme
  • Indian Science Abstracts (ISA)
  • Journal seek Database
  • Google
  • Popline (reproductive health literature)
  • www.omnimedicalsearch.com