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Dr. Shankar P.R.

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On Jan 2020

Important Notice

Case Series
Year : 2021 | Month : August | Volume : 15 | Issue : 8 | Page : PR01 - PR03 Full Version

Tubeless Supine Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy in Calyceal Diverticular Stone


Published: August 1, 2021 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2021/49210.15233
Sandeep Gupta, Ankit Verma, Dilip Kumar Pal

1. Associate Professor, Department of Urology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. 2. Post Doctoral Trainee, Department of Urology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. 3. Professor and Head, Department of Urology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

Correspondence Address :
Dr. Dilip Kumar Pal,
Professor and Head, Department of Urology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research and Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital, 242- AJC Bose Road, Kolkata-700020, West Bengal, India.
E-mail: urologyipgmer@gmail.com

Abstract

Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) has routinely been performed in prone position as a treatment for calyceal diverticular stone. PCNL is performed supine as an alternate modality for calyceal diverticular stones. The objective of the procedure is to reduce operative time and anaesthetic morbidity during supine tubeless PCNL in calyceal diverticular stone. The series is about three patients with calyceal diverticular stones. These patients underwent supine tubeless PCNL in Galdakao modified supine Valdivia position. There was no intraoperative, postoperative or on follow-up complications in any of the the patients. In all the patients stones were cleared completely in single sitting. Supine PCNL in calyceal diverticular stone could be an alternative with similar outcomes to the standard prone PCNL. It provides an additional benefit of performing the procedure in a single position, which is known to reduce total operating time and also reduces anaesthesia complications.

Keywords

Anaesthesia, Complications, Galdakao modified supine valdivia position, Operative time, Urolithiasis

Calyceal diverticula are usually congenital, non secreting cavities. They are lined by urothelium and are located within the renal parenchyma which communicates with the calyceal fornix through a diverticular neck (1). Calyceal calculi usually occurs in 9.5-50% of cases and most of them are asymptomatic, but few can cause flank pain, urinary tract infections, haematuria or can even lead to damage of renal parenchyma that is surrounded locally (2).

In present era, minimally invasive treatments are usually preferred over traditional open techniques which include Shock Wave Lithotripsy (SWL) (3), flexible Ureteroscopy (URS) (4), laparoscopy (5) and PCNL (6). There are different treatment modalities for managing calyceal diverticuli and have their pros and cons for example SWL can provide symptomatic pain relief but have low stone free rates (7). On the other hand, percutaneous approach yields high stone-free rates and also leads to resolution of the diverticulum (8). Traditionally, prone position had been the dominant position for PCNL but use of supine PCNL is increasing over time globally (9).

This series reports three cases of Calyceal diverticular stone disease who were treated by supine PCNL and were found to have excellent results.

Case Report

All the patients were evaluated for the size of calyceal diverticulum, its location, puncture site, operative time, stone clearance rate and its complications. All patients had undergone basic biochemical tests and urine routine and microscopic examination and culture. Preoperative Contrast Enhanced Computerized Tomography (CECT) Kidneys Ureter Bladder (KUB) was performed in all cases to evaluate the diverticulum and stone. Informed consent was obtained from all patients before procedure.

Galdakao modified supine valdivia position (Table/Fig 1) was used in all the cases (10). The ipsilateral arm was brought across the chest; the contralateral arm was abducted. A gentle break was placed in the table at the level of the flank. The patient was then tilted and, to raise the side to be operated on, an air filled 3l bag was placed under the ipsilateral flank. The airbag enhances the natural lordosis of the lumbar spine and increases the surface area available for access. Upper pole punctures, which are often tricky in the prone position, are made much more achievable in the supine position.

As shown in (Table/Fig 2), two patients were male and one was female. Average age was 41.3 years with the youngest being 36 years and eldest being 48 years of age. Average stone size was 18.3 mm with the largest being 20 mm and smallest being of 17 mm size. Average BMI was 28.8 kg/m2 with lowest being 26.4 and highest being 31.0. The cases were analysed for Guy’s Stone Score (GSS) which is a scoring system to grade the complexity of PCNL and is used to predict the stone-free rate after PCNL (11). All three patients had GSS three.

All the three patients underwent supine tubeless PCNL and calyceal puncture access was done taking into consideration location of stone (Table/Fig 3). Average time for surgery was 47.6 minutes, maximum being 50 minutes for patient with BMI 31.0 and lowest being 45 minutes for patient with BMI 26.4 kg/m2 (Table/Fig 4). Fulguration was done in one patient and in rest it was not done because of thin diverticular wall and sufficiently wide diverticular neck. There was no intraoperative complication in any of the patient. There was no significant difference in pre and postprocedure haemoglobin levels. Postoperative period was uneventful. Mean hospital stay was found to be 3.66 days. As described in (Table/Fig 3), all patients stones were cleared completely in single puncture and single sitting. Nephrostomy tube was not placed in any patient (Tubeless supine PCNL done in all cases). All patients had 21 days of stent in dwelling time, after that stents were removed.

Discussion

Percutaneous treatment of calyceal diverticular calculi have excellent stone-free rates 87.5-100% with successful obliteration rate of the diverticular cavity in 76-100% cases. The PCNL for the treatment of diverticular stones has superior results along with long-term symptom relief that justify the use of PCNL over any other minimal invasive approach (12). It is now considered as the gold standard for treatment of large stones and over the time it has evolved and results in decreased invasiveness and morbidity and also improved ergonomics and outcomes (13). However, in some cases it may be difficult to negotiate through caliceal neck and in those cases sometimes trans-diverticular approach and creation of neo-infundibulum may be an alternative approach.

Originally, PCNL was performed in the prone position since it was postulated that other positions may lead to increased risk of colon injury during percutaneous puncture of the kidney in supine or other positions. Over the last few years different variations in positioning have been described, lateral (14), complete supine (15) and modified supine positions.

Supine PCNL offers advantages over prone PCNL in terms of anaesthesiological management including improved access to the patient for cardiovascular and pulmonary management, less risk of injury to central and peripheral nervous system (16). Supine PCNL also shortens the operative time since there is no need to reposition the patient after ureteral catheter placement as is the case for standard prone PCNL (17). Supine PCNL also facilitate antegrade as well as retrograde transurethral approaches to complex stone disease (18).

In a study, Jones MN et al., also concluded that modified supine PCNL has significantly lower operative time, shorter length of hospital stay, higher stone free rate and more safe when compared with prone PCNL (19). In another study Paksi S et al., suggested supine PCNL to be promising alternative to conventional prone PCNL due to less blood loss, shorter operative time in patients undergoing supine PCNL (20).

Conclusion

The PCNL is considered a safe and effective treatment option in patients with renal stones in a calyceal diverticular stone. Supine position is a viable and safe option for PCNL. It also reduces intraoperative complications and also advantageous over anaesthetic outcomes.

References

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Ito H, Aboumarzouk OM, Abushamma F, Keeley FX Jr. Systematic review of caliceal diverticulum. J Endourol. 2018;32(10):961-72. [crossref] [PubMed]
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Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Wang X, Chen D, Peng N, Chen J, et al. Challenges in the diagnosis of calyceal diverticulum: A report of two cases and review of the literature. J Xray Sci Technol. 2019;27(6):1155-67. [crossref] [PubMed]
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Cao L, Wang YQ, Yu T, Sun Y, He J, Zhong Y, et al. The effectiveness and safety of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for the management of kidney stones: A protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(38):e21910. Doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000021910. [crossref] [PubMed]
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Chen S, Xu B, Liu N, Jiang H, Zhang X, Yang Y, et al. Improved effectiveness and safety of flexible ureteroscopy for renal calculi. A retrospective study. Can Urol Assoc J. 2015;9(5-6):E273-77. Doi: 10.5489/cuaj.2649. [crossref] [PubMed]
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Zhang JQ, Wang Y, Zhang JH, Zhang XD, Xing NZ. Retrospective analysis of ultrasound-guided flexible ureteroscopy in the management of calyceal diverticular calculi. Chin Med J (Engl). 2016;129(17):2067-73. Doi: 10.4103/0366- 6999.189060. PMID: 27569233; PMCID: PMC5009590. [crossref] [PubMed]
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Chung DY, Kang DH, Cho KS, Jeong WS, Jung HD, Kwon JK, et al. Comparison of stone-free rates following shock wave lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, and retrograde intrarenal surgery for treatment of renal stones: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0211316. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211316. [crossref] [PubMed]
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Parkhomenko E, Tran T, Thai J, Blum K, Gupta M. Percutaneous management of stone containing calyceal diverticula: Associated factors and outcomes. J Urol. 2017;198(4):864-68. Doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2017.05.007. [crossref] [PubMed]
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Proietti S, Rodríguez ME, Eisner B, De Coninck V, Sofer M, Saitta G, et al. Supine Percutaneous nephrolithotomy: tips and tricks. Transl Androl Urol. 2019;8(Suppl 4):S381-88. Doi: 10.21037/tau.2019.07.09. [crossref] [PubMed]
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Curry D, Srinivasan R, Kucheria R, Goyal A, Allen D, Goode A, et al. Supine percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the galdako-modified valdivia position: A high-volume single center experience. J Endourol. 2017;31(10):1001-06. Doi: 10.1089/end.2017.0064. [crossref] [PubMed]
11.
Lojanapiwat B, Rod-Ong P, Kitirattrakarn P, Chongruksut W. Guy’s Stone Score (GSS) based on Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP) findings predicting upper pole access Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) Outcomes Adv Urol. 2016;2016:5157930. Doi: 10.1155/2016/5157930. [crossref] [PubMed]
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Patodia M, Sinha RJ, Singh S, Singh V. Management of renal caliceal diverticular stones: A decade of experience. Urol Ann. 2017;9(2):145-49. Doi: 10.4103/UA.UA_95_16. [crossref] [PubMed]
13.
Bas O, Ozyuvali E, Aydogmus Y, Sener NC, Dede O, Ozgun S, et al. Management of calyceal diverticular calculi: A comparison of percutaneous nephrolithotomy and flexible ureterorenoscopy. Urolithiasis. 2015;43(2):155-61. Doi: 10.1007/s00240-014-0725-5. [crossref] [PubMed]
14.
Wei Gan JJ, Lia Gan JJ, Hsien Gan JJ, Lee KT. Lateral Percutaneous nephrolithotomy: A safe and effective surgical approach. Indian J Urol. 2018;34(1):45-50. Doi: 10.4103/iju.IJU_219_17. [crossref] [PubMed]
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Li J, Gao L, Li Q, Zhang Y, Jiang Q. Supine versus prone position for Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Surg. 2019;66:62-71. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2019.04.016. [crossref] [PubMed]
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Malik I, Wadhwa R. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy: Current clinical opinions and anesthesiologists perspective. Anesthesiol Res Pract. 2016;2016:9036872. Doi: 10.1155/2016/9036872. [crossref] [PubMed]
17.
Falahatkar S, Mokhtari G, Teimoori M. An update on supine versus prone percutaneous nephrolithotomy: A meta-analysis. Urol J. 2016;13(5):2814-22. PMID: 27734421.
18.
Alotaibi KM. Retrograde nephrostomy access for percutaneous nephrolithotomy: A simple and safe technique. Urolithiasis. 2020;48:175-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-019-01135-z. [crossref] [PubMed]
19.
Jones MN, Ranasinghe W, Cetti R, Newell B, Chu K, Harper M, et al. Modified supine versus prone percutaneous nephrolithotomy: Surgical outcomes from a tertiary teaching hospital. Investig Clin Urol. 2016;57(4):268-73. [crossref] [PubMed]
20.
Paksi S, Hamid HDA, Besut D, Nurhadi P. Prone vs Supine PCNL: What about the Cost? J Med- Clin Res Rev. 2018;2(6):01-06. [crossref]

DOI and Others

10.7860/JCDR/2021/49210.15233

Date of Submission: Mar 07, 2021
Date of Peer Review: Apr 27, 2021
Date of Acceptance: May 31, 2021
Date of Publishing: Aug 01, 2021

AUTHOR DECLARATION:
• Financial or Other Competing Interests: None
• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects involved in the study? Yes
• For any images presented appropriate consent has been obtained from the subjects. Yes

PLAGIARISM CHECKING METHODS:
• Plagiarism X-checker: Mar 09, 2021
• Manual Googling: May 28, 2021
• iThenticate Software: Jul 01, 2021 (5%)

ETYMOLOGY: Author Origin

JCDR is now Monthly and more widely Indexed .
  • Emerging Sources Citation Index (Web of Science, thomsonreuters)
  • Index Copernicus ICV 2017: 134.54
  • Academic Search Complete Database
  • Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
  • Embase
  • EBSCOhost
  • Google Scholar
  • HINARI Access to Research in Health Programme
  • Indian Science Abstracts (ISA)
  • Journal seek Database
  • Google
  • Popline (reproductive health literature)
  • www.omnimedicalsearch.com