Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, ISSN - 0973 - 709X

Users Online : 275322

AbstractMaterial and MethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionReferencesDOI and Others
Article in PDF How to Cite Citation Manager Readers' Comments (0) Audio Visual Article Statistics Link to PUBMED Print this Article Send to a Friend
Advertisers Access Statistics Resources

Dr Mohan Z Mani

"Thank you very much for having published my article in record time.I would like to compliment you and your entire staff for your promptness, courtesy, and willingness to be customer friendly, which is quite unusual.I was given your reference by a colleague in pathology,and was able to directly phone your editorial office for clarifications.I would particularly like to thank the publication managers and the Assistant Editor who were following up my article. I would also like to thank you for adjusting the money I paid initially into payment for my modified article,and refunding the balance.
I wish all success to your journal and look forward to sending you any suitable similar article in future"



Dr Mohan Z Mani,
Professor & Head,
Department of Dermatolgy,
Believers Church Medical College,
Thiruvalla, Kerala
On Sep 2018




Prof. Somashekhar Nimbalkar

"Over the last few years, we have published our research regularly in Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. Having published in more than 20 high impact journals over the last five years including several high impact ones and reviewing articles for even more journals across my fields of interest, we value our published work in JCDR for their high standards in publishing scientific articles. The ease of submission, the rapid reviews in under a month, the high quality of their reviewers and keen attention to the final process of proofs and publication, ensure that there are no mistakes in the final article. We have been asked clarifications on several occasions and have been happy to provide them and it exemplifies the commitment to quality of the team at JCDR."



Prof. Somashekhar Nimbalkar
Head, Department of Pediatrics, Pramukhswami Medical College, Karamsad
Chairman, Research Group, Charutar Arogya Mandal, Karamsad
National Joint Coordinator - Advanced IAP NNF NRP Program
Ex-Member, Governing Body, National Neonatology Forum, New Delhi
Ex-President - National Neonatology Forum Gujarat State Chapter
Department of Pediatrics, Pramukhswami Medical College, Karamsad, Anand, Gujarat.
On Sep 2018




Dr. Kalyani R

"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research is at present a well-known Indian originated scientific journal which started with a humble beginning. I have been associated with this journal since many years. I appreciate the Editor, Dr. Hemant Jain, for his constant effort in bringing up this journal to the present status right from the scratch. The journal is multidisciplinary. It encourages in publishing the scientific articles from postgraduates and also the beginners who start their career. At the same time the journal also caters for the high quality articles from specialty and super-specialty researchers. Hence it provides a platform for the scientist and researchers to publish. The other aspect of it is, the readers get the information regarding the most recent developments in science which can be used for teaching, research, treating patients and to some extent take preventive measures against certain diseases. The journal is contributing immensely to the society at national and international level."



Dr Kalyani R
Professor and Head
Department of Pathology
Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College
Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research , Kolar, Karnataka
On Sep 2018




Dr. Saumya Navit

"As a peer-reviewed journal, the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research provides an opportunity to researchers, scientists and budding professionals to explore the developments in the field of medicine and dentistry and their varied specialities, thus extending our view on biological diversities of living species in relation to medicine.
‘Knowledge is treasure of a wise man.’ The free access of this journal provides an immense scope of learning for the both the old and the young in field of medicine and dentistry as well. The multidisciplinary nature of the journal makes it a better platform to absorb all that is being researched and developed. The publication process is systematic and professional. Online submission, publication and peer reviewing makes it a user-friendly journal.
As an experienced dentist and an academician, I proudly recommend this journal to the dental fraternity as a good quality open access platform for rapid communication of their cutting-edge research progress and discovery.
I wish JCDR a great success and I hope that journal will soar higher with the passing time."



Dr Saumya Navit
Professor and Head
Department of Pediatric Dentistry
Saraswati Dental College
Lucknow
On Sep 2018




Dr. Arunava Biswas

"My sincere attachment with JCDR as an author as well as reviewer is a learning experience . Their systematic approach in publication of article in various categories is really praiseworthy.
Their prompt and timely response to review's query and the manner in which they have set the reviewing process helps in extracting the best possible scientific writings for publication.
It's a honour and pride to be a part of the JCDR team. My very best wishes to JCDR and hope it will sparkle up above the sky as a high indexed journal in near future."



Dr. Arunava Biswas
MD, DM (Clinical Pharmacology)
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmacology
Calcutta National Medical College & Hospital , Kolkata




Dr. C.S. Ramesh Babu
" Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR) is a multi-specialty medical and dental journal publishing high quality research articles in almost all branches of medicine. The quality of printing of figures and tables is excellent and comparable to any International journal. An added advantage is nominal publication charges and monthly issue of the journal and more chances of an article being accepted for publication. Moreover being a multi-specialty journal an article concerning a particular specialty has a wider reach of readers of other related specialties also. As an author and reviewer for several years I find this Journal most suitable and highly recommend this Journal."
Best regards,
C.S. Ramesh Babu,
Associate Professor of Anatomy,
Muzaffarnagar Medical College,
Muzaffarnagar.
On Aug 2018




Dr. Arundhathi. S
"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR) is a reputed peer reviewed journal and is constantly involved in publishing high quality research articles related to medicine. Its been a great pleasure to be associated with this esteemed journal as a reviewer and as an author for a couple of years. The editorial board consists of many dedicated and reputed experts as its members and they are doing an appreciable work in guiding budding researchers. JCDR is doing a commendable job in scientific research by promoting excellent quality research & review articles and case reports & series. The reviewers provide appropriate suggestions that improve the quality of articles. I strongly recommend my fraternity to encourage JCDR by contributing their valuable research work in this widely accepted, user friendly journal. I hope my collaboration with JCDR will continue for a long time".



Dr. Arundhathi. S
MBBS, MD (Pathology),
Sanjay Gandhi institute of trauma and orthopedics,
Bengaluru.
On Aug 2018




Dr. Mamta Gupta,
"It gives me great pleasure to be associated with JCDR, since last 2-3 years. Since then I have authored, co-authored and reviewed about 25 articles in JCDR. I thank JCDR for giving me an opportunity to improve my own skills as an author and a reviewer.
It 's a multispecialty journal, publishing high quality articles. It gives a platform to the authors to publish their research work which can be available for everyone across the globe to read. The best thing about JCDR is that the full articles of all medical specialties are available as pdf/html for reading free of cost or without institutional subscription, which is not there for other journals. For those who have problem in writing manuscript or do statistical work, JCDR comes for their rescue.
The journal has a monthly publication and the articles are published quite fast. In time compared to other journals. The on-line first publication is also a great advantage and facility to review one's own articles before going to print. The response to any query and permission if required, is quite fast; this is quite commendable. I have a very good experience about seeking quick permission for quoting a photograph (Fig.) from a JCDR article for my chapter authored in an E book. I never thought it would be so easy. No hassles.
Reviewing articles is no less a pain staking process and requires in depth perception, knowledge about the topic for review. It requires time and concentration, yet I enjoy doing it. The JCDR website especially for the reviewers is quite user friendly. My suggestions for improving the journal is, more strict review process, so that only high quality articles are published. I find a a good number of articles in Obst. Gynae, hence, a new journal for this specialty titled JCDR-OG can be started. May be a bimonthly or quarterly publication to begin with. Only selected articles should find a place in it.
An yearly reward for the best article authored can also incentivize the authors. Though the process of finding the best article will be not be very easy. I do not know how reviewing process can be improved. If an article is being reviewed by two reviewers, then opinion of one can be communicated to the other or the final opinion of the editor can be communicated to the reviewer if requested for. This will help one’s reviewing skills.
My best wishes to Dr. Hemant Jain and all the editorial staff of JCDR for their untiring efforts to bring out this journal. I strongly recommend medical fraternity to publish their valuable research work in this esteemed journal, JCDR".



Dr. Mamta Gupta
Consultant
(Ex HOD Obs &Gynae, Hindu Rao Hospital and associated NDMC Medical College, Delhi)
Aug 2018




Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey

"I wish to thank Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), for asking me to write up few words.
Writing is the representation of language in a textual medium i e; into the words and sentences on paper. Quality medical manuscript writing in particular, demands not only a high-quality research, but also requires accurate and concise communication of findings and conclusions, with adherence to particular journal guidelines. In medical field whether working in teaching, private, or in corporate institution, everyone wants to excel in his / her own field and get recognised by making manuscripts publication.


Authors are the souls of any journal, and deserve much respect. To publish a journal manuscripts are needed from authors. Authors have a great responsibility for producing facts of their work in terms of number and results truthfully and an individual honesty is expected from authors in this regards. Both ways its true "No authors-No manuscripts-No journals" and "No journals–No manuscripts–No authors". Reviewing a manuscript is also a very responsible and important task of any peer-reviewed journal and to be taken seriously. It needs knowledge on the subject, sincerity, honesty and determination. Although the process of reviewing a manuscript is a time consuming task butit is expected to give one's best remarks within the time frame of the journal.
Salient features of the JCDR: It is a biomedical, multidisciplinary (including all medical and dental specialities), e-journal, with wide scope and extensive author support. At the same time, a free text of manuscript is available in HTML and PDF format. There is fast growing authorship and readership with JCDR as this can be judged by the number of articles published in it i e; in Feb 2007 of its first issue, it contained 5 articles only, and now in its recent volume published in April 2011, it contained 67 manuscripts. This e-journal is fulfilling the commitments and objectives sincerely, (as stated by Editor-in-chief in his preface to first edition) i e; to encourage physicians through the internet, especially from the developing countries who witness a spectrum of disease and acquire a wealth of knowledge to publish their experiences to benefit the medical community in patients care. I also feel that many of us have work of substance, newer ideas, adequate clinical materials but poor in medical writing and hesitation to submit the work and need help. JCDR provides authors help in this regards.
Timely publication of journal: Publication of manuscripts and bringing out the issue in time is one of the positive aspects of JCDR and is possible with strong support team in terms of peer reviewers, proof reading, language check, computer operators, etc. This is one of the great reasons for authors to submit their work with JCDR. Another best part of JCDR is "Online first Publications" facilities available for the authors. This facility not only provides the prompt publications of the manuscripts but at the same time also early availability of the manuscripts for the readers.
Indexation and online availability: Indexation transforms the journal in some sense from its local ownership to the worldwide professional community and to the public.JCDR is indexed with Embase & EMbiology, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, Chemical Abstracts Service, Journal seek Database, Indian Science Abstracts, to name few of them. Manuscriptspublished in JCDR are available on major search engines ie; google, yahoo, msn.
In the era of fast growing newer technologies, and in computer and internet friendly environment the manuscripts preparation, submission, review, revision, etc and all can be done and checked with a click from all corer of the world, at any time. Of course there is always a scope for improvement in every field and none is perfect. To progress, one needs to identify the areas of one's weakness and to strengthen them.
It is well said that "happy beginning is half done" and it fits perfectly with JCDR. It has grown considerably and I feel it has already grown up from its infancy to adolescence, achieving the status of standard online e-journal form Indian continent since its inception in Feb 2007. This had been made possible due to the efforts and the hard work put in it. The way the JCDR is improving with every new volume, with good quality original manuscripts, makes it a quality journal for readers. I must thank and congratulate Dr Hemant Jain, Editor-in-Chief JCDR and his team for their sincere efforts, dedication, and determination for making JCDR a fast growing journal.
Every one of us: authors, reviewers, editors, and publisher are responsible for enhancing the stature of the journal. I wish for a great success for JCDR."



Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011




Dr. Shankar P.R.

"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
Areas for improvement: In certain cases, I felt that the peer review process of the manuscripts was not up to international standards and that it should be strengthened. Also, the number of manuscripts in an issue is high and it may be difficult for readers to go through all of them. The journal can consider tightening of the peer review process and increasing the quality standards for the acceptance of the manuscripts. I faced occasional problems with the online manuscript submission (Pre-publishing) system, which have to be addressed.
Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."



Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011
Anuradha

Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.


Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020

Important Notice

Original article / research
Year : 2012 | Month : September | Volume : 6 | Issue : 7 | Page : 1148 - 1150 Full Version

Mood Disorders and Female Sub Fertility-Any Relationship? A Pilot Study


Published: September 1, 2012 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2012/.2463
Kalaiselvi V.S. , Saikumar P, Prabhu K

1. Associate Professor, Department of Physiology, 2. Professor, Department of Biochemsitry, 3. Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, India.

Correspondence Address :
Dr. V.S.Kalaiselvi,
Associate Professor, Department of Physiology,
Sree Balaji Medical College &Hospital
No.7, CLC Works Road, New Colony,
Chromepet, Chennai-600044, India.
Phone: 9884218580
Tel: 044-22415603
E-mail: kalai.selvi51@yahoo.com

Abstract

Back Ground: Subfertility, which is clinically defined as the inability in conceiving a child in spite of having unprotected sex within a year, is a common problem which affects 5-10 % of the women. The subfertile women are at their greatest life time risk for mood disorders during their re-productive years. This work was focused on the contribution of depression to subfertility in the status of the menstrual cycle, the number of follicles and the hormonal profiles like oestrogen and FSH. Materials and Method: Fifty subfertile women were included in this study. By using a questionnaire of Beck Depression Inventory, the subjects were divided into two groups, Group 1; subfertility without depression and Group2: subfertility with depression. This study was approved by the institutional ethical committee and a written consent was obtained from all the participants. Trans vaginal ultrasound was performed to measure the number of follicles on the cycle days, 3-10 .The blood sampling which was done to measure the hormones like FSH and oestradiol was also done on the same day of the cycle. Results: The mean age of the subfertile patients with depression was 30 years. The older subfertile patients were more vulnerable to depression than the younger ones. 70% of the subfertile women with depression had irregular cycles with long periods of amenorhoea or oligimenorrhoea. The antral follicles in the size, 2mm-9mm were more in Group 2 and they showed a statistical significance between the two groups. The levels of FSH and E2 were not statistically significant between the groups. Conclusion: No significant differences were found in the FSH and oestrogen levels between the subfertility without depression and the subfertility with depression groups. But the mood disorders or the depression may be associated with the quality and the number of the follicle counts.

Keywords

Depression, Subfertility, Menstrual pattern

The inability in conceiving a child within one year of having unprotected sex is clinically defined as subfertility, which affects 5- 10% of the women (1). High stress levels, positive and negative life events, a low socio economic status and the quality and the quantity of the personal relationships are some of the factors which are associated with the vulnerability of a woman to have depression. Although there are many factors that are predictive of depression, there are other factors which are more specific. Several workers have addressed stress, depressive symptoms and anxiety in relation to fertility (2,3). Only few studies on the fertility rates in women with clearly diagnosed mood disorders have been published since 1980 (4-8). During the evaluation of the association of fertility with depression, some studies have investigated the fertility before the onset of the first psychiatric episode (2,4,7) and others have investigated the fertility after the first psychiatric episode. A study which was done by Baron, which included 60 males and 74 females who were admitted to the Lithium Clinic of the New York State Psychiatric Institute between 1968 and 1974, reported a reduced fertility rate in both the genders (5). In a similar study which was done by Jonsson 1991, irrespective of their marital statuses, 40 women with the diagnosis of mood disorders had birth rates which were lesser than the age matched norms (8). In a Harvard study on moods and cycles, which was a Original Article Biochemistry Sectionunique prospective study, the lowest rate of fertility was observed in the women with a history of major depression (8). The experts have long considered that the hormone levels have to be correlated with infertility and depression. More specifically, it has been hypothesized that the women who experience infertility and depression must differ from the unaffected women in terms of the levels of oestrogen and progesterone (9). A similar and an associated hypothesis is that the fluctuations in the oestrogen and the progesterone levels across the menstrual cycle in depressed women may differ from the fluctuations in the unaffected women. The goal of this study was to find the status of the hormone level and the menstrual pattern in subfertility patients with depression and without depression.

Material and Methods

In this study, fifty infertile women who had no children after having unprotected sex for more than one year, were recruited through a camp by the Sree Balaji Medical College, Chennai, India. By using a questionnaire of Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the subjects were divided into two groups, Group 1; Infertility without depression with a score of below 16 and Group 2; Infertility with depression with a score of above 16. This study was approved by the institutional ethical committee and a written consent was obtained from all the participants. The subjects with endocrinological diseases like diabetes and a history of an ovarian surgery were excluded from this study. The Depression Rating Scale (DRS) is a psychiatric measuring instrument which has descriptive words that indicate the severity of the depression symptoms for a time period. In our study, we used the Beck Depression Inventory for assessing the depression. It is a questionnaire with 21 questions, self report inventory that covers the symptoms such as irritability, fatigue, weight loss, a lack of interest in sex, feelings of guilt, a fear of being punished, pessimism, changes in the sleeping pattern, etc. The total score can range from 0-63.The classification of the depression scores is as follows: 0-16 without depression. 17-27 mild depression. 28-34 moderate depression. and 35-63 severe depression. In our study, most of the women belonged to the mild depression category (i.e.) with scores of between 17-27.Three patients presented with moderate depression scores and two patients had scores of severe depression. The transvaginal sonography measurements: Trans vaginal ultrasound was performed to measure the number of follicles. It was carried out on the cycle days, (3-10). The sonographic measurements were performed by the same observer by using a 7.5 MHz trans vaginal probe. The examination of the ovary was established by scanning from the outer to the inner margin of the ovary. All the follicles which were 2-9mm in size were measured and counted in each ovary and the sum of both the counts was taken as the follicle count.
ENDOCRINE TESTING Both the blood sampling and the ultrasonographic measurements were performed on the same day. The sera was separated and the specimens were stored at -200C until they were processed. The hormones like FSH and E2 were measured.

Results

The mean age of the infertile patients with depression was 30 years. The older subfertile patients were more vulnerable to depression than the younger ones. 70% of the subfertile patients with depression had irregular cycles with long periods of amenorrhoea or oligomenorrhoea. The follicles were more in Group 2 and there was a statistical significance between the two groups. The levels of FSH and E2 were not statistically significant between the groups.

Discussion

Subfertility is universally described as a stressful experience for the patients, especially for women, which affects all the aspects of their lives, like marital, social, physical and emotional issues, etc. Childlessness in women is a social stigma with profound negative consequences. Depression is a very frustrating and a debilitating condition which affects all the aspects of a person’s life. When a woman suffers from depression, her normal ovulation pattern can easily become disrupted. A woman may either miss a complete cycle of ovulation or the cycle may be significantly altered. When a woman wants to have a baby, that too, when she is older, she begins to worry if she does not become pregnant. This chronic worry may lead to depression, which in turn interferes with the necessary hormonal balance, ultimately resulting in an interrupted cycle. Considering depression, it is like the chicken and the egg debate, whether infertility leads to depression or vice versa. The women who are in their reproductive ages, who have mental disorders, may experience a fluctuating course of illness during their menstrual cycles (10). In our study, it was observed that the depressive symptoms were associated with the changes in the length of the menstrual cycle (11). The women with a depression score of more than 16 as per the Beck Inventory Scale were associated with either a late menarche or secondary amenorrhoea or with irregular menstrual cycles (12). In our study, the difference in the mean levels of FSH in Group 1 ( 8.74± 2.4 IU/l) and in Group 2 (10.4± 4.7) and that in the mean levels of E2 in Group1 (127 .25 ± 48.05 IU/L) and in Group 2 (134.8± 38.9 IU/L) were not statistically significant. In a similar study which was conducted by Young et al in 2000 on 25 women with major depression and their comparison with healthy controls of the same age group, the day 3 hormonal levels like FSH , LH and E2 showed no significant, except the lower oestrogen levels in the follicular phase (13). The menstrual cycle linked disorders can be understood by the fact that they are caused by the action of the endogenously produced GABA steroids through the following three mechanisms (1). Direct action (2). Tolerance induction and (3). Withdrawal effect, ultimately resulting in sedation , an increased appetite, irritability, and depression during the hormone treatment and the premenstrual dysphoric disorder. A malfunctioning GABA –a receptor system, is related to stress sensitivity , irritability , anxiety and depression (14). The follicles with sizes of 2- 9mm (small ) were found to be more in the group with infertility which was associated with depression as compared to those in the group with infertility which was not associated with depression. The changes in the length of the menstrual cycle may be the factors for the arrest of the maturation of the follicles, ultimately leading to more number of small follicles. The probable mechanisms which cause the depression which affects infertility include elevated prolactin levels, disruption of the hypothalamic –pituitary adrenal axis and the thyroid function. Menstrual cycle regularity in assessing an interrelationship between mood disorders and fertility needs validated measures to confirm the diagnosis of mood disorders (15). Whatever the cause , infertility has more psychological impact on women as compared to men. The women who attempted the questionnaire can be given a series of cognitive behavioural therapy before they proceed for IVF, for better results. Significantly lower BDI scores were noticed in the patients who received a psychological intervention before the infertility treatment (16). In our follow up study, it should be planned like, after a course of cognitive behavioral therapy, BDI depression analysis can be repeated. There are only a limited number of studies which have explained the relationship between the mood disorders and infertility. This was because of the lack of a prospective assessment, which included a small sample size and the use of unreliable methods of determining the menstrual cycle phases.

Conclusion

Various psychosocial predictors can be used to identify the women who may be at risk for reproductive depression. If women feel one type of reproductive depression, the likelihood of experiencing other types of reproductive depressions is more. 70% of the subfertile women with depression have irregular cycles with long periods of amenorhoea or oligimenorrhoea No significant differences were found in the FSH and oestrogen levels between the subjects with (BDI) scores which were less than 16 or more than 16. But the mood disorders or depression were associated with the number and the quality of the small follicular count. This basic study may not be adequate enough to explore the complex relationship between the hypopituitary gonadal function and depression, because of its small sample size. Further studies are needed to signify our findings.

References

1.
Abma JC, Chandra A, Mosher WD, Peterson LS, Piccinino LJ. Fertility, family planning and the women’s health: estimates from the National Survey of Family Growth. Vital Health Stat 1997; 23:1-14.
2.
Edelmann RJ, Connolly K. The psychological aspects of infertility. Br J Med Psychol 1986; 59 (Pt 3):29-219.
3.
Greil AL. Infertility and psychological distress: a critical review of the literature. Soc Sci Med 1997; 45:1679-1704.
4.
Odergard O. The fertility of the psychiatric first admissions in Norway 1936-1975. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1980; 62:212-20.
5.
Baron M, Risch N, Mendlewicz J. The differential fertility in bipolar affective illness. J Affect Disord 1982; 4:103-12.
6.
Calzeroni A, Conte G, Pennati A, Vita A, Sacchetti E. The celibacy and the fertility rates in patients with the major affective disorders: the relevance of the delusional symptoms and the suicidal behavior. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1990; 82:309-10.
7.
Jonnson SA. The marriage rate and the fertility in cycloid psychosis: a comparison with the affective disorders and schizophrenia in the general population. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1991; 24:119-25.
8.
Harlow BL, Cohen LS, Otto MW, Spiegelman D, Cramer DW. The early life menstrual characteristics and the pregnancy experiences among women with and without major depression: the Harvard study on moods and cycles. J Affect Disord 2004; 79:167-76.
9.
Rubinow DR, Hoban MC, Grover GN, et al. The changes in the plasma hormones across the menstrual cycle in patients with menstrually related mood disorders and in control subjects. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 158; 5-11.
10.
Akdeniz F, Karadag F. Does the menstrual cycle affect the mood disorders? Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2006; 17 :( 4) 296-304.
11.
Bisaga K, Petkova E, Cheng J, Davies M, Feldman JF, Whitaker AH. The menstrual functioning and the psychopathology in a county-wide population of high school girls. J. Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002; 41:1197-204.
12.
Smeenk JMJ, Verhaak CM, Eugster A, Minnen A, Zielhuis GA, Braat DDM. The effect of anxiety and depression on the outcome of in-vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod 2001; 16:1420-23.
13.
Young EA, Midgly AR, Carlson NE. Alterations in the hypothalamicpituitary ovarian axis in depressed women. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:1157-62.
14.
Backstrom T, Andersson A, Andree L, Birzniece V, Bixo M, Bjorn I, Haage D y8 et al. The pathogenesis of the menstrual cycle- linked CNS disorders. Ann N Y acad Sci 2003; 1007; 42-53.
15.
Katherine E, Wendy K, Natalie L. Mood disorders and fertility in women: a critical review of the literature and the implications for future research. Human Reprod 2007; 13(6); 607-16.
16.
Carl C. Bell . Infertility and Mood Disorders :Breaking the cycle. Clinical Psychiatry News 2008;

DOI and Others

ID: JCDR/2012/4787:2463
Financial OR OTHER COMPETING INTERESTS:
None.

Date of Submission: Jul 01, 2012
Date of Peer Review: Jul 18, 2012
Date of Acceptance: Sep 06, 2012
Date of Publishing: Sep 30, 2012

JCDR is now Monthly and more widely Indexed .
  • Emerging Sources Citation Index (Web of Science, thomsonreuters)
  • Index Copernicus ICV 2017: 134.54
  • Academic Search Complete Database
  • Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
  • Embase
  • EBSCOhost
  • Google Scholar
  • HINARI Access to Research in Health Programme
  • Indian Science Abstracts (ISA)
  • Journal seek Database
  • Google
  • Popline (reproductive health literature)
  • www.omnimedicalsearch.com