Reviews
From Placentation to Prediction: Modern Perspective on Emerging Biomarkers in Preeclampsia Prediction
QE01-QE05
Correspondence
Dr. Leena Chand,
Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai-600116, Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: leena@sriramachandra.edu.in
Preeclampsia (PE), a multisystem hypertensive disorder complicating 3-8% of pregnancies worldwide, drives substantial maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, necessitating early predictive strategies to enable timely interventions. This narrative review synthesises evidence on galectin-7, galectin-3, galectin-13 (PP13), galectin-1, galectin-9, Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CAIX), and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1)/Placental Growth Factor (PlGF) ratio. Gal-7 and Gal-13 modulate trophoblast invasion, immune tolerance, and spiral artery remodelling at the maternal foetal interface; CAIX, regulates pH under conditions of placental ischaemia; sFlt-1 antagonises proangiogenic Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)/PIGF, precipitating endothelial dysfunction - a PE hallmark; and Gal 3 promotes inflammation and trophoblast migration while linking to fibrosis. Prospective cohorts demonstrated presymptomatic alterations highlighting diagnostic accuracy over traditional. By elucidating these biomarkers' mechanistic roles in defective placentation, angiogenic imbalance, and hypoxic stress, this analysis underscores their potential in multi-marker panels for precision risk stratification facilitating aspirin prophylaxis and surveillance to avert preterm delivery and organ injury.