Is There Any Impact of Copper Intrauterine Device on Female Sexual Functioning?
Sezen Bozkurt Koseoglu1, Ruya Deveer2, Melike Nur Akin3, Ali Sami Gurbuz4, Burcu Kasap5, Huri Guvey6
1 Medical Doctor, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Mugla Sitki Kocman University Training and Research Hospital, Mugla, Turkey.
2 Associate Professor, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Mugla Sitki Kocman University Training and Research Hospital, Mugla, Turkey.
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Mugla Sitki Kocman University Training and Research Hospital, Mugla, Turkey.
4 Medical Doctor, Private Novafertil IVF Center, Konya, Turkey.
5 Assistant Professor, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Mugla Sitki Kocman University Training and Research Hospital, Mugla, Turkey.
6 Medical Doctor, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Dumlupinar University Evliya Celebi Training and Research Hospital, Kutahya, Turkey.
NAME, ADDRESS, E-MAIL ID OF THE CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Dr. Sezen Bozkurt Koseoglu, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetric, Mugla Sitki Kocman University Training and Research Hospital, Mugla-48000, Turkey.
E-mail: drsezenkoseoglu@gmail.com
Introduction
Intrauterine Device (IUD) is the most preferred modern contraceptive method in Turkey. Female Sexual Dysfunction (FSD) is defined as lack of one or more of the components in the sexual response cycle which includes sexual desire, impaired arousal and inability achieving an orgasm or pain with intercourse. FSD has multi-factorial aetiology. Advanced age and menopause, fatigue and stress, psychiatric and neurologic disease, childbirth, pelvic floor or bladder dysfunction, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, hypertension obesity, medication and substances, hormonal contraceptives, relationship factors are known risk factors for FSD.
Aim
To investigate if IUD has any impact on female sexual functioning.
Materials and Methods
In this cross-divtional study subjects were divided into two groups. Study group consisted of 92 IUD-users (mean 5.1±1.2 years) and the control group consisted of 83 women with no contraception. Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire was performed to both two groups. Women with a total score lower than 26.5 were considered as having sexual dysfunction.
Results
The prevalence of FSD was 57.1% among participants. IUD users had a lower total FSFI score comparing to control group but the difference was not statistically different (p=0.983). A positive correlation was found between total FSFI score and duration of IUD (p=0.003).
Conclusion
No difference was found in terms of sexual dysfunction between IUD users and women with no contraception. The prevalence of FSD was very high in both groups which may be attributed to the socio-cultural factors such as embarrassment of women due to conservatism.
Introduction
Female Sexual Dysfunction (FSD) is defined as lack of one or more of the components in the sexual response cycle which includes sexual desire, impaired arousal, inability achieving an orgasm or pain with intercourse [1]. Attention to this topic first began in the 21st century. Although the exact incidence of FSD is difficult to determine, it is reported by approximately 40% of women worldwide and 43-48% in Turkey [2–4]. FSD has multifactorial aetiology which includes psychological problems such as prior physical or sexual abuse, medications and physical problems [5]. It is one of the quality of life issues [2]. The best and modern way of evaluating FSD is to use validated surveys and symptom scores. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) is the gold standard method to determine female sexual functioning. FSFI was developed by Rosen et al., it includes six domains (desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, pain) with 19 questions [3]. IUD has been used widely since 1909. It is the most preferred modern contraceptive method in Turkey [4]. The present study was conducted with the aim to investigate whether IUD has any impact on female sexual functioning.
Materials and Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted between June 2015 and January 2016 at Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit. University ethics committee approved the study. Informed consent was obtained from all patients before starting the study. A total of 175 patients aged 25-45 years attending the department of gynaecology clinic were recruited to the study. Patients were divided into two groups. The study group consisted of 92 women with copper IUD and the control group consisted of 83 patients with no contraception within the same period. All the IUDs were copper TCu380A type. Patients’ age, parity, duration of marriage, income, educational level, body mass index, smoking, menstrual history, duration of IUD, contraceptive method, previous pelvic surgery, chronic illness were recorded. Exclusion criteria’s were those with a history of systemic disease, including psychiatric disease or on psychiatric medication, pelvic organ prolapse, pelvic surgery, premature menopause, oral contraceptive users, pregnant and obese women. Study was explained, privacy assured and voluntary participation emphasized and then patients were asked to fill the FSFI [3]. FSFI questionnaire were in Turkish and the validated questionnaire was used [5]. The questionnaire assessed sexual function for previous 4 weeks. First two questions were to assess desire, 4 questions were related to arousal, 4 questions were for lubrication, 3 questions were for orgasm and 3 were for pain. Each question was scored on a scale of 0-5. The total score was determined from all domains. A total score between 1.2 and 36 was obtained from each patient and was recorded. A total score less than 26.5 was considered as FSD. Higher scores indicated better sexual function. Scores less than 4.28 for desire, less than 5 for arousal, less than 5.4 for lubrication, less than 5 for orgasm, less than 5 for satisfaction less than 5.5 for pain were considered as disordered of per individual domain [3,6].
The clinical features of both groups were compared with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows, version 17.0 program. Normality of data distribution was tested with Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The differences between the means of the variables were tested with two independent samples t-test if the distribution of the variables were normal. Mann-Whitney U was used if the distribution of the variables were not normal. Pearson’s correlation analysis was used to test the correlation between duration of IUD, parity and total FSFI score. The level of significance was set at p<0.05.
Results
This study was performed in state hospital and the mean age, body mass index and duration of marriage and income of patient’s participants were similar between groups. Patients with IUD had higher parity and longer menstrual periods. Total FSFI mean score and score of each domain were lower in IUD users, but these differences were not significant [Table/Fig-1]. The sexual dysfunction rate was 58.6% in IUD users group and 55% in the control group. Among all the participants, 57.1% of patients had sexual dysfunction [Table/Fig-2]. A positive correlation was found between total FSFI score and duration of IUD (p=0.003), (r=0.229). Improvement in sexual function score was determined with longer duration of IUD. There was no correlation between parity and FSFI score (p>0.005).
Clinical Characteristics, total FSFI score and score of each domain of the patients among groups.
| Characteristics | IUD users(n=92) | Control(n=83) | p-value |
|---|
| Age (years) * | 35.3±6.8 | 35.0±7.1 | 0.813 |
| BMI (kg/m2)* | 26.2±3.7 | 25.1±3.9 | 0.939 |
| Menstruation (days)* * | 7 (2-13) | 5 (1-10) | 0.001 |
| Parity** | 2 (1-6) | 2 (0-4) | 0.023 |
| Desire** | 3.6 (1.2-6) | 3.6 (1.2-5.4) | 0.643 |
| Arousal* | 3.5±1.1 | 3.6±1.1 | 0.766 |
| Lubrication* | 3.0±0.7 | 3.1±0.8 | 0.746 |
| Orgasm* | 3.2±0.9 | 3.3±1.0 | 0.940 |
| Satisfaction* | 4.0±1.3 | 4.1±1.3 | 0.423 |
| Pain* | 3.9±1.3 | 4.0±1.3 | 0.460 |
| Total score* | 20.9±5.0 | 21.4±5.1 | 0.983 |
*Values are mean± standard deviation
**Values are median (minimum-maximum)
BMI: Body mass index, IUD: Intrauterine device
Rates of FSD and each domain’s dysfunction among groups.
| IUD users(n=92) | Control(n=83) | p-value |
|---|
| Number of women with score ≥26.5 | 38 | 37 | NS |
| Number of women with score <26.5 | 54 | 46 | NS |
| Rates of women with FSD (%) | 58.6 | 55 | NS |
| Desire dysfunction, n (%) | 44 (47.8) | 40 (48.1) | NS |
| Arousal dysfunction, n (%) | 61 (66.3) | 53 (63.8) | NS |
| Lubrication dysfunction, n (%) | 57 (61.9) | 53 (63.8) | NS |
| Orgasm dysfunction, n (%) | 45 (48.9) | 38 (45.7) | NS |
| Satisfaction dysfunction, n (%) | 41 (44.5) | 36 (43.3) | NS |
| Pain dysfunction, n (%) | 51 (55.4) | 45 (54.2) | NS |
NS: Not significant, IUD: Intrauterine device
Discussion
In the present study the prevalence of FSD was 60% among the participants, which is much higher than previous by reported publications [5,7–9]. Women with a score lower than cut-off were considered as having FSD. In the current study 64% of IUD users and 55% of the control group had low FSFI score and determined as having FSD. FSD has multi-factorial aetiology. Biological, social, psychological, economic, political, ethnical and religious factors affect sexuality [10]. In a recent study, sexual function was found lower in infertile women compared to fertile women; thus, infertile women were not included into the study [11]. Advanced age and menopause, fatigue and stress, psychiatric and neurologic disease, childbirth, pelvic floor or bladder dysfunction, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, hypertension obesity, medication and substances, hormonal contraceptives, relationship factors are known risk factors for FSD [7,8,12–14]. Patients having any of these risk factors were excluded from our study. Approximately 14% of women worldwide use IUD as contraceptive method. Among women who use a contraceptive method, 27% from Asia and 17% from Europe prefer IUD [15]. It is the most preferred modern contraceptive method in Turkey with a prevalence of 16.9% [4]. In this study, our aim was to investigate whether Copper-IUD has any impact on female sexual function and not to discuss the factors that may play role in the aetiology of FSD. We picked our patients meticulously in order for both groups to have similar characteristics such as patients’ age, duration of marrige, income, educational level and BMI, so that we tried to eliminate confounding factors. Although all patients with IUD had higher parity, we found no correlation between parity and FSFI score. Contrast to our study, a study from Turkey showed that the women with secondary infertility have higher prevalence of sexual dysfunction compared with primary infertile women [16].
There is limited number of studies on this topic in the literature. In a recent study from Turkey, Sakinci et al., reported that Cu-IUD users had increased sexual pain and they concluded this finding as Cu-IUD could adversely affect female sexual function [9]. In contrast to this, we did not find increased pain in IUD users. Moreover no decreased sexual arousal, lubrication, satisfaction or orgasm was detected among IUD users comparing to the control group. We could mark an improvement in sexual function score with longer duration of IUD. It could be related to adaptation of IUD. In another study from Thailand the prevalence of FSD was found 50.9% among IUD users. The authors indicated that BMI was the main associating factor for FSD [17]. Studies about the effect of contraceptive methods on sexual functioning have shown that, estrogen-progestin contraceptives have inconclusive results [18–20]. Progestin-only contraceptive methods have no significant changes on FSD [21–25]. Negative clinical effects on sexual function were found after tubal ligation in a study from Ireland [26].
Limitation
Relatively small sample size, single center experience, is the important limitations of our study.
Conclusion
The prevalence of FSD is very high in our population. Embarrasment, an essential part of most conservative societies such as ours, may be an important factor for high rate of FSD. IUD does not have any negative effect on FSD. Factors which may play role for FSD need to be determined in further studies with a larger sample size.
*Values are mean± standard deviation**Values are median (minimum-maximum)BMI: Body mass index, IUD: Intrauterine deviceNS: Not significant, IUD: Intrauterine device
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