Journal of clinical and diagnostic research https://www.jcdr.net/back_issues.asp JCDR Cerebrospinal Fluid And Serum Zinc, Copper, Magnesium And Calcium Levels In Children With Idiopathic Seizure PRASAD R *, SINGH A *, DAS B K *, UPADHYAY R S **,SINGH T B ***, MISHRA O P * <b>Objectives: </b> The present study was conducted to observe the alteration and their relations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) levels in patients with different type of idiopathic seizure and to determine the ratios of serum and CSF Ca/Mg and Cu/Zn. <b>Methods:</b> The children of aged 1 to 14 years, having two or more unprovoked seizures with normal MRI scan and abnormal EEG were included in study group. Control group consisted of 40 healthy children without seizure. Zn, Mg and Cu levels in CSF and serum were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. <b>Results:</b> The study subjects included 34 generalized seizures (GS), 5 cases of simple partial seizure (SPS) and 5 Complex partial seizures (CPS). Serum copper (Cu) was significantly elevated (P-0.01) in children with seizure. Within seizure group, serum Mg was significantly increased in GS and serum copper (Cu) levels were significantly increased in CPS and GS as compared to control (p-0.001). However, calcium and zinc did not show any significant change in all groups. CSF Calcium was significantly increased in CPS patients. The ratio obtained for the levels of these parameters revealed a significant increase in serum Cu/Zn ratio (P-0.002) and CSF Ca/Mg (P-0.04) in patients with idiopathic seizure as compared to control. This ratio was also significant between SPS versus CPS and CPS versus GS. <b>Conclusion:</b> The findings of present study suggest that high serum Cu and increased ratio of serum Cu/Zn and CSF Ca/ Mg may be responsible for enhanced neuronal excitability in children with idiopathic seizures. https://jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2009&month=December&volume=3&issue=6&page=1841-1846&id=586 https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2009/.586 The Psychomotor Effects Of Brahmi And Caffeine On Healthy Male Volunteers RAINA R S*, CHOPRA V S**, SHARMA R***, KHAJURIA V****, SAWHNEY V*****, KAPOOR V****** <b>Background:</b> Brahmi enhances cognitive processes including comprehension, memory and recall. Caffeine is undoubtedly the most widely used psychoactive substance in the world. <b>Aim:</b> To compare the psychomotor performance of brahmi and caffeine. <b>Setting:</b> Postgraduate Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics of a Medical college <b>Material and Methods:</b> 40 healthy male medical student volunteers were given Brahmi (250 mg) or Caffeine (100 mg) twice a day after meals for 16 weeks. Two types of psychomotor performance tests were conducted on the subjects at 0 (before the consumption of drug), 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 weeks. Instrumental tests included a Simple Reaction Time Task (SRT), a Multiple Choice Reaction Time Task (MCRT), a Critical Flicker Fusion Threshold Task (CFFT) and a Tracking Performance Task (TPT) whereas, non -instrumental tests included a Digit cancellation task (DCI), a Memory test (MT) and a Mental arithmetic task (MAT). <b>Results:</b> Out of these subjects, two dropped out from the caffeine group due to unpleasant side effects at week 2. At 16 weeks, Brahmi caused significant decrease in the MCRT score than caffeine (P<0.05), while at 12 and 16 weeks, Brahmi significantly improved the CFFT score than caffeine (P<0.05). After 8 weeks onwards, Brahmi caused significant increase in the DCT score than caffeine (P<0.05). MT scores were significantly better in the caffiene group than in the Brahmi group at 12 weeks (P<0.001).Brahmi showed significant increase in the MAT score than caffeine in 8, 12 and 16 weeks (P<0.05). <b>Conclusion:</b> From the results of the present study, we conclude that Brahmi can prove to be a supplement of utmost utility to improve cognitive functions. https://jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2009&month=December&volume=3&issue=6&page=1827-1835&id=588 https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2009/.588 Subclinical Thyroid Disorders In Postmenopausal Women Of Iran NIAFAR M, NAJAFIPOUR F, BAHRAMI A <b>Objectives:</b> The present Cross-sectional study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of subclinical thyroid disorders in postmenopausal women in a community on the northwest of Iran. <b>Methods:</b> By using the records of the local household registry, a sample of 1000 subjects aged between 60 and 89 years (mean 64.5±5.4) were included in our survey. Tests of thyroid function including TSH concentration in all subjects and free T4 concentration, free T3 concentration and anti-microsomal antibodies in those with abnormal TSH were conducted. <b>Results:</b> Eight hundred and seventy three (87.3) subjects were euthyroid, as indicated by their serum TSH concentrations. The overall prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in the samples was 12.7%. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism was 5.8% and 4.1%, respectively. High titers of anti-microsomal antibodies were found in 60.6% of the patients with high TSH levels. <b>Conclusion:</b> The prevalence of abnormal biochemical thyroid function reported here is substantial and confirms previous reports from other populations. We found that the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction is high in the elderly female population of East Azerbaijan. The results from this study provide the baseline information to settle public health plans and to track the changes. https://jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2009&month=December&volume=3&issue=6&page=1853-1858&id=589 https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2009/.589 Anti-Influenza Antibody Level After Vaccination In North Of Iran ABBASI A* ,MORADI A** , MANSOURIAN A R***, RAJAEI S**** <b>Objective:</b>Influenza is a highly transmitted disease and about 10% of the world’s population is affected by this disease annually. The aim of this research was to study the variation of serum antibody levels among subjects who had already been vaccinated against influenza. <b>Methods And Materials:</b>This descriptive-analytical study was carried out on 196 subjects who had influenza vaccination (influvac 2005/2006) and on 200 subjects who were matched with the vaccinated subjects by their ages in Gorgan which is located in the northeast of Iran. The subject's sera were prepared seven weeks after the influenza vaccination. Their serum antibody levels were determinated by the heamaglutination inhibition test. <b>Results:</b>The antibody titre in 81 subjects of the vaccinated group and in 175 subjects of the control group was less then 1/40. The mean antibody titre of the vaccinated subjects and the control group was 143.4±10.89 and 18.34±3.2, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (P value=0.000). <b>Conclusion:</b>The findings showed that the mean titre of the antibodies in the vaccinated and control groups was statistically different. This means that the influenza vaccine has good efficacy in our population. https://jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2009&month=December&volume=3&issue=6&page=1867-1870&id=590 https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2009/.590 Preventable Seizures: A Prospective, Cross Sectional Study On The Influence Of Pharmacological Factors MUSA R KAISER*, SHON G MICHAEL*, KULKARNI CHANDA ** The present study was undertaken with an objective to study the extent and pattern of the Pharmacological factors which are responsible for acute seizures reporting at the emergency medicine department of a tertiary care hospital. This prospective and retrospective observational, cross sectional study involved data collection on a specially designed proforma with respect to - seizure diagnosis, duration, co-existing medical conditions, precipitating factors if any, along with details of drug treatment after admission to the emergency ward. Data analysis of 250 patients with a diagnosis of seizures showed a maximum number of males with the highest number of febrile seizures. The evaluation of aetiological factors revealed a maximum number of patients with non-compliance, followed by CNS infections, metabolic and iatrogenic causes and others of unknown aetiology. Interestingly, majority of the patients were from urban background and were educated. The possible pharmacological factors that were identified to have contributed to acute seizures included &#8211; lack of appropriate instructions to patients regarding medication intake, in-appropriate dosage of anti-epileptic medication, anti-epileptic drug-drug interactions, in addition to the use of complementary systems of medications, as well as non-compliance. However, though such multiple factors may be considered to have attributed to acute seizures, it may be concluded that a majority of these could be easily controlled and/or can be prevented with simple precautionary measures that have been highlighted under &#8216;conclusions&#8217; at the end of this article. https://jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2009&month=December&volume=3&issue=6&page=1836-1840&id=592 https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2009/.592 The Beneficial Effects Of Noni Fruit Juice In Diabetic Patients SABITHA P*, ADHIKARI PRABHA MR**, SHETTY RUKMINI MS***,HEGDE ANUPAMA****, KAMATH ASHA***** <b>Background:</b> There is no scientific evidence to support the beneficial effects of noni fruit juice which is claimed as a &#8220;natural health enhancer&#8221; and is consumed extensively. <b>Aim:</b> To evaluate the beneficial effects of noni fruit juice on glycaemic control, lipid profile and antioxidant activity and its safety in diabetic patients. <b>Settings and Design:</b> A hospital based, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study <b>Material and Methods:</b> 34 diabetic subjects with normal haematological, serum potassium, renal and liver function test and electrocardiogram readings were enrolled into the study. After collecting venous blood for biochemical efficacy measures, the subjects were randomly allocated to two treatment groups, either to receive noni juice or to get placebo, at a dose of 30 ml/day. The efficacy measures included fasting and postprandial blood glucose, complete lipid profile with fasting, serum fructosamine and endogenous antioxidants like super oxide dismutase and reduced glutathione. The safety and efficacy measures were repeated after 21 days of treatment with placebo or noni juice. <b>Statistics:</b> The baseline characteristics were compared between the groups using the unpaired t test. Pre-post treatment changes in the efficacy measures within each group and between the groups were analyzed by applying the repeated measures ANOVA test. P<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. <b>Results:</b> The efficacy measures were comparable between the two groups at the entry into the study. The influence of the two treatments on blood glucose levels, on the lipid profile and on the endogenous antioxidant activity were similar, without statistical significance. The noni and placebo treated groups came out with decrease and increase in serum fructosamine levels, respectively, both changes being statistically insignificant. Between groups, the comparison of these changes appeared to be statistically significant (p=0.036). The safety measures were within the normal range and no adverse events were reported. <b>Conclusion:</b> Consumption of noni juice for 21 days yielded elusive results on glycaemic control. It&#8217;s beneficial effects on plasma lipid profile and endogenous antioxidant activity were not established. Consumption of the lowest recommended doses of noni fruit juice for a short period of 21 days was found to be safe in diabetic patients. Long term studies with a large population may be needed for evidence of the favourable effects of noni juice on organ functions. https://jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2009&month=December&volume=3&issue=6&page=1822-1826&id=593 https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2009/.593 Evaluation Of Communication Apprehension Among First Year And Final Year Pharmacy Undergraduates KHAN T M* ,EJAZ M A**,AZMI S*** The goal of the present study was to assess and compare the level of communication apprehension (CA) among pharmacy undergraduates. To accomplish this aim, a modified version of Zimbardo's scale was used. A total of 268 pharmacy students showed participation in this study. A higher participation was observed in respondents in the age group of 21-25 years. Our findings demonstrated a high level of CA among first year pharmacy students. Overall, it was seen that Chinese female students were at a high risk of CA. Race, age, gender and year of study were found to the factors associated with CA. https://jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2009&month=December&volume=3&issue=6&page=1885-1890&id=595 https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2009/.595 Risk Factors For Depression; Findings Of A Descriptive Study Conducted In Penang, Malaysia KHAN T M *, SULAIMAN SYED A S**, HASSALI M A*** This study aims to provide data on the prevalence of depression and the possible risk factors responsible for its prevalence. A descriptive, retrospective and prospective evaluation of the medical records was done at the psychiatry OPD, Penang, GH, from Jan 2002 till Dec 2007. The data was analyzed by using the statistical software, SPSS version 13®. A total of 298 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of depression, were the part of study. The prevalence of depression was found to be statistically significant among females (X2 =216.5, df =2, p=<0.001), as a majority [169(56.7%)] of the patients were females. In terms of ethnic groups, 172(57.7%) patients were Chinese (X2 =1951.5, df =5, p=<0.001. However, in terms of age majority, 121 (40.6%) patients were over 50 years of age (X2 =128.0, df =7, p=<0.001). Whilst evaluating the risk factors for depression, it was revealed that depression due to medical complications and social problems were the common identified stressors during patient evaluation. The most prevalent medical complication was hypertension. Among social issues, marital and family problems, followed by relationship/childhood problems and death of loved ones, were the frequent risk factors identified among females. However, financial and the job related problems were the most common stressors identified among males. Overall, the findings demonstrated that Chinese patients were at a high risk of depression among the elderly patients with medical complications. https://jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2009&month=December&volume=3&issue=6&page=1859-1866&id=597 https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2009/.597 Serum Lipid Peroxidation And Leptin Levels In Male And Female Type 2 Diabetic Patients In Gorgan (South East Of Caspian Sea), Iran MARJANI A *, VEGHARI G **, BADELEH MT *** <b>Background:</b> The aim of the present study was to determinate the possible relationship between serum leptin and lipid peroxidation in male and female type 2 diabetic patients in Gorgan, Iran. <b>Methods:</b> The subjects consisted of fifty type 2 diabetic patients and fifty age and sex-matched control subjects. The concentration of leptin, malondialdehyde, lipid parameters and insulin were measured in all subjects. The results were evaluated by using Independent sample ‘t’ test and Spearman’s correlation coefficient test. <b>Results:</b> Leptin was correlated with BMI (male: r=0.339 and female: r=0.426, p<0.05) and malondialdehyde levels (male: r=0.124 and female: r=0.271, p<0.05) in the type-2 diabetic patients. In the control subjects, only a correlation between leptin and BMI was found (male: r=0.165, female: r= 0.037, p<0.05). <b>Conclusions:</b> In the correlation analysis using leptin as the dependent variable, BMI was found to be the predictor of leptin in males and females. Increased lipid peroxidation and hyperleptinaemia may play a role in the beginning and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in this area. https://jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2009&month=December&volume=3&issue=6&page=1903-1910&id=598 https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2009/.598 Inducible AmpC Beta-Lactamase Producing Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolated In A Rural Hospital Of Central India BASAK S *,KHODKE M** ,BOSE S***,MALLICK SK**** Pseudomonas aeruginosa, one of the most common pathogen causing nosocomial infections, shows increasing resistance to &#946;-lactam antibiotics especially by producing AmpC &#946;-lactamase. Hence, this study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of inducible AmpC &#946;-lactamases producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa in our hospital and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern to newer antipseudomonal antibiotics. Consecutive 244 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were studied. Isolates showing blunting of ceftazidime zone of inhibition adjacent to cefoxitin disc were considered as screen positive and were selected for confirmation of inducible AmpC &#946;-lactamases producing by modified three dimensional test and AmpC disc test. In vitro susceptibility pattern of antipseudomonal antibiotics were done by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Out of 244 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates 47 (19.3%) were screen positive, which were confirmed by modified three dimensional test and AmpC disc test. The highest sensitivity pattern observed was Imipenem, Amikacin and Ciprofloxacin. We conclude that to avoid misuse of antibiotics and to start proper antibiotics to hospitalized patients, tests for AmpC &#946;-lactamases should be done in Clinical Microbiology laboratories. https://jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2009&month=December&volume=3&issue=6&page=1921-1927&id=599 https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2009/.599 Detection Of Biofilm Producing Staphylococci: Need Of The Hour BOSE S *, KHODKE M **, BASAK S ***, MALLICK S K ****, Biofilms are group of microorganisms encased in an exopolymeric coat. They have been associated with a variety of persistent infections that respond poorly to conventional antibiotics. In this study detection of biofilm productions by Staphylococcus spp. was done by using Congo red agar (CRA) methods, tube methods (TM) and tissue culture plate (TCP) methods. Out of 179 Staphylococcus spp., 111 were S.epidermidis and 68 were S.aureus. 44.69% of S.epidermidis and 32.96% S.aureus were slime producers. 97 isolates were detected as slime producer by TCP method, 76 by TN and 11 by CRA method. High resistances to conventional antibiotics were shown by biofilm producers. This study summarized the prevalence, antibiotic sensitivity pattern and suitable and reproducible method for detection of biofilm producing Staphylococci. https://jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2009&month=December&volume=3&issue=6&page=1915-1920&id=600 https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2009/.600 The Immunohistochemical Evaluation Of The Expression Of Bcl-2 In Different Histological Grades Of Squamous Cell Carcinoma SURI C The bcl-2 proto-oncogene was first discovered in B-cell lymphomas and is the prototype of cell death regulatory genes. It’s gene product, the bcl-2 protein, directly or indirectly inhibits the release of cytochrome C, thus preventing the activation of caspases and hence, inhibiting apoptosis. This leads to cellular immortalization, contributing to formation of the tumour and facilitating the permanent acquisition of mutations. Studies show increased expression of the bcl-2 protein in about 50% of human cancers. Keeping this in view, our study was undertaken to evaluate the expression, to quantify and to determine the intensity and the pattern of bcl-2 in various histological grades of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. <b>Method:</b>The present study investigated the immunohistochemical expression of bcl-2 in 38 cases, of which 32 were histologically diagnosed as Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas and 5 normal lymph nodes along with 1 normal oral mucosa were included as controls. Each specimen was sectioned at 3 micron thickness, immunostained with the bcl-2 antibody and viewed under a light microscope. <b>Results:</b>All the 38 cases showed bcl-2 immunopositivity. The number of bcl-2 positive cells was more in poorly differentiated SCC than in well differentiated SCC. The intensity of bcl-2 expression was more in moderately differentiated SCC, while in poorly differentiated SCC, an equal number of cases showed light and dark intensity. When the distribution pattern of bcl-2 expression was assessed, the tumour islands devoid of central keratinization showed bcl-2 expression in all the tumour cells. <b>Summary and Conclusion:</b>In OSCCs, the number of cells expressing bcl-2 increased from well differentiated to poorly differentiated, showing an inverse relationship with the degree of differentiation. Further correlative studies using markers for other members of the bcl-2 family are necessary to elucidate the specific molecular defects critical to the biology of this tumour, which will have an impact on it’s diagnosis and treatment. https://jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2009&month=December&volume=3&issue=6&page=1891-1899&id=601 https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2009/.601 Outcome Of Sepsis Evaluations In Very-Low-Birth-Weight Premature Neonates RAMESH BHAT. Y*, KUMAR N <b>Objective:</b> We aimed to evaluate the outcome of early onset-sepsis (EOS) workups in very low birth weight (VLBW) premature neonates <b>Methods:</b> Premature neonates weighing less than 1500g were evaluated for EOS. Haematological screening parameters, CRP and blood cultures were obtained in all. EOS (occurring at <72 hours of life) was the primary outcome. We analyzed the relationship between various maternal and neonatal characteristics, screening parameters, CRP and EOS. <b>Results:</b> The present study included 36 premature VLBW neonates. The mean (SD) gestational age and birth weight were 31.2(2.5) weeks and 1252.9(199.9) gms, respectively. Obstetric risk factors were present in 12 (33.3%) neonates. Twenty (55.6%) neonates had EOS, 2 (5.6%) grew organisms in their blood culture and 5 (13.9%) died. EOS was slightly, but not significantly higher in neonates who were born with obstetric risk factors as compared to those who were not born without the risk factors (OR 1.18; 95%CI: 0.29-8.46; p=0.27). Choreoamnionitis, decreasing gestational age and birth weight were associated positively. Asymptomatic newborns were at a lower risk than their critically illcounterparts (33.3% Vs 62.9%; OR 0.29). The sensitivity of the haematological screening parameters and CRP varied from 10%-35%. Combination of any two parameters had a sensitivity of 40% and a negative predictive value of 50%. Neonates with EOS had a significantly longer duration of mechanical ventilation (p=0.03) and higher mortality than those without EOS (25% Vs 6.3%). <b>Conclusions:</b> Blood culture proven EOS is uncommon among VLBW premature neonates, but clinical sepsis continues to be a significant problem. Infection rate in asymptomatic neonates is low. Haematological screening parameters and CRP have limited roles in distinguishing the infected neonates from the uninfected ones. https://jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2009&month=December&volume=3&issue=6&page=1847-1852&id=605 https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2009/.605 Price Variability Among The Oral Antibiotics Available In A South Indian Tertiary Care Hospital PATEL D *, THIYAGU R **, MALLAYASAMY S *** PATEL H **** PANDEY S ***** <b>Background:</b> There exist a wide range of variation in the prices of drugs marketed in India and other countries of world. Very few studies have been conducted to reveal such price variations in the open market. <b>Objective:</b> This Pharmacoeconomic study is designed to obtain the picture of price variability among the different oral antibiotic drugs available in the hospital pharmacy and their economic impact on patients. <b>Methods:</b> Prices and the units of oral antibiotics sold included in the study were obtained from computer data base of hospital pharmacy department. The percentage price variation was calculated for all the brands of drugs. Brands were classified into costliest, cheapest and mid range based on the cost in comparison with all available brands for a drug. Impact of number of brands on percentage price variation was calculated. The cost incurred by the patient if costliest and the cheapest brands were prescribed for managing clinical condition was calculated. <b>Results:</b> Percentage price variability of 30 brands was 0 - 25% and for 24 brands it was 25.1 - 50%. For 15 brands percentage price variability was more than 100%. It has been observed that costliest brands were preferentially prescribed over the cheaper alternatives. As the number of brands increased for any drug the percentage price variation (range) also increased. <b>Conclusion:</b> It was observed that percentage price variation was higher among some drugs and this percentage price variation might result in bigger difference in cost of management of infections, if costlier brands were prescribed. Costlier brands were preferred more and there is a need to formulate policy at the Hospital level to address these issues. https://jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2009&month=December&volume=3&issue=6&page=1871-1875&id=607 https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2009/.607 Role Of Free Radicals In Menopausal Distress ARORA K S *, GUPTA N **, SINGH R A ***, NAGPAL S ****, ARORA D***** <b>Aim:</b> The aim of the study was to determine the extent of free radical damage in the form of oxidative stress and the antioxidant status in postmenopausal females as compared to premenopausal females. <b>Methods:</b> 100 female subjects (age group 40-50 years) were studied of which 50 were premenopausal and 50 postmenopausal. Oxidative stress was assessed by estimating malondialdehyde (MDA), a lipid peroxidation product in the form of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Antioxidants in the form of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), vitamin C and E were measured in both the groups. <b>Results:</b> On comparative evaluation, SOD, GPx and vitamin C levels were significantly decreased (p <0.001) whereas MDA and CAT levels were significantly increased (p <0.001) in postmenopausal females as compared to premenopausal females. However there was no significant difference in levels of vitamin E in both the groups (p >0.05). <b>Conclusion:</b> Postmenopausal females are exposed to greater risk of oxidative stress as compared to premenopausal females and many of the health problems of menopause may be related to increased oxidative damage. https://jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2009&month=December&volume=3&issue=6&page=1900-1902&id=612 https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2009/.612 Cytogenetic Study In Criminals (Murderers): Role Of XYY Chromosome In Criminality GOSAVI S R *, GAJBE U L **, MESHRAM S W ***, CHIMURKAR V K **** Crime & criminals are curse to the society. All types of advanced scientific methods should be used for detection of crime, to prove the guilt of criminal and also to see that innocent subjects are not victimized. Although there are many methods of detecting crime, cytogenetic study has a unique character of its own in its application to forensic science. The crime rates in India are increasing and approximately 5% of the criminals are murderers. The famous Danish ‘Adoption studies’ states that in addition to socio-economic factors, hereditary plays an important role in the determination of criminality. In this study an attempt has been made to find out if there is any definite association between the criminality and chromosomal aberrations. Hence the individuals who were convicted by the court of Law under IPC 302 as murderers are subjected to cytogenetic study. Out of 140 individuals subjected to study only 84 would be analyzed for chromosomal study because of culture failure in rest of the cases. By doing cytogenetic study of these criminals it was found that there is a definite association between the criminal behaviour and XYY chromosome. It is also suggested that this positive association should be studied in a large population before this observation can be used as a biological indicator of criminality. https://jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2009&month=December&volume=3&issue=6&page=1911-1914&id=615 https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2009/.615 A Rare Case Of Vulvar Paget's Disease Associated With Squamous Cell Carcinoma BHAT B P R * , SHAM S **, GATTY R***, NAVADA M****, RAO S***** Primary cutaneous Paget's disease is an uncommon neoplasm usually of post-menopausal white women. In approximately 10-20% of women with vulvar Paget disease, there is an invasive component or an underlying skin appendage adenocarcinoma. Only a very few case reports in literature have specifically identified proliferative squamous cell component in Paget's disease. This histological change may be misinterpreted as a primary squamous pathology if the Paget's component is not identified and vice-versa. We are reporting one such rare case of vulvar Paget's disease with squamous invasion in an Asian woman. https://jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2009&month=December&volume=3&issue=6&page=1935-1937&id=611 https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2009/.611 Spontaneous Abdominal Wall Endometriosis, A Case Report And A Literature Review SIDIROPOULOU Z *, SOUSA A C ** , GAMEIRO P***, MADUREIRA R**** Endometriosis is a well defined but not such well understood benign gynaecological condition that consists on the presence of endometrial gland and stroma outside the uterus and that affects 10- 15 % of reproductive age woman (Kovacs P. Conference Report 2002). The abdominal wall is the commonest extra pelvic implantation site, usually on previous laparotomic or laparoscopic scars. In this paper we report un uncommon case of spontaneous endometriosis of the abdominal wall with no previous surgery or delivery. • Introduction Abdominal wall endometriosis is a relatively rare condition, usually presented in a previously performed abdominal incision. • Case presentation We present a case of a young female patient with an abdominal mass, with no previous surgery, that the histopathology report revealed to be an endometriotic lesion. • Conclusion Abdominal endometriosis can develop spontaneously supporting the coelomatic metaplasia theory, developed by Metzger by 1991. https://jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2009&month=December&volume=3&issue=6&page=1931-1934&id=613 https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2009/.613 Bilateral Thumb Replantation - A Case Report KHANDELWAL S https://jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2009&month=December&volume=3&issue=6&page=1928-1930&id=603 https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2009/.603 Actinomycosis May Be Presented In Unusual Organs: A Report Of Two Cases GOLSHA R*,NAJAFI L**,REZAEI-SHIRAZI R***,VAKILINEJHAD M****,MORTAZAVI B****, ROSHANDEL G****** Actinomycosis is a chronic granulomatous suppurative disease characterized by direct extension to the contagious tissue with the formation of multiple drainage sinus tracts through which tiny colonies of organisms called sulfur granules are discharged. Here, we report 2 cases of actinomycosis from Iran. One of them had actinomycosis on the hand and the other on the foot. Samples of tissue biopsy showed sulfur granules associated with colonies of actinomyces, thus confirming the diagnosis in both cases. The response to curettage and penicillin therapy was satisfactory in our patients. The chronic and indolent course of actinomycosis resembles tuberculosis, fungal infection and malignancy. So, increasing awareness among the clinicians and clinical microbiologists will help in the early diagnosis of the disease and in the initiation of early and proper treatment. https://jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2009&month=December&volume=3&issue=6&page=1938-1941&id=596 https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2009/.596 Health benefits of Conjugated linoleic acid: A Review KUMAR R *, BHATIA A **, ARORA D *** https://jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2009&month=December&volume=3&issue=6&page=1953-1967&id=614 https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2009/.614 Evolution Of Marketing Techniques, Adoption In Pharmaceutical Industry And Related Issues: A Review MASOOD I*, IBRAHIM MIM**, HASSALI MA***, AHMED M**** The availability of life saving pharmaceutical products by their very nature plays a prominent role in the well being of a society. Within this context, the pharmaceutical industry plays a prominent role especially in the process of discovery and development of new pharmaceutical products, rapid and safe development of these products and finally the production and distribution of safe and efficient products. Over the years with the advancement in global marketing strategy and technologies, similar to other profit driven industry, pharmaceutical industry also had join the band wagon in the process of maximizing profits in the current era of challenging global market. The primary objective of this paper is to discuss the evolution of marketing techniques employed by pharmaceutical industries in order to remain competitive in this highly regulated commodity. https://jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2009&month=December&volume=3&issue=6&page=1942-1952&id=609 https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2009/.609 Visualisation Of Renal Calculi Using C – Arm Fluoroscopy ( in cadavars) NATEKAR PRASHANT E* The present study was carried out on cadavers to ascertain the resolving power of C - arm fluoroscopy (mobile) unit. Renal calculi of different sizes were collected from the patients and these calculi were then implanted in the urinary tract of cadavers, at the common sites of impaction. It was seen that calculi as small as 3mm could be identified. However classification of the calculi i.e., prediction of stone composition based on image characteristics was not possible. https://jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2009&month=December&volume=3&issue=6&page=1968-1971&id=606 https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2009/.606 Swine Flu – Cardiac Involvement SINGH A K * https://jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2009&month=December&volume=3&issue=6&page=1972-1974&id=610 https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2009/.610 How Much To stress On Stress: Transition From ‘s’ To ‘S’ SINGH S*, BEENA** https://jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2009&month=December&volume=3&issue=6&page=1975-1976&id=604 https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2009/.604 Clinical Pharmacology SHANKAR P R* https://jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2009&month=December&volume=3&issue=6&page=1977-1978&id=602 https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2009/.602