1. Ph.D Scholar, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University,
Lucknow.
2. Associate Prof. & Head, Faculty of Pharmacy,
Integral University, Lucknow.
3. Lecturer Department. of Pharmacology,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi.
4. Lecturer Department. of Pharmacology,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi.
5. Prof. & Head, Departmentt.of Pharmacolgy, National
Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Birgunj, Nepal.
6. Ph.D. Scholar, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University,
Lucknow.
Correspondence
Address :
Md. Parwez Ahmad, Ph.D. Scholar Faculty of Pharmacy Integral University, Lucknow-226026 Mobile: 09473291002 E-mail: parwezmedicine@gmail.com
Abstract
Neuroleptic drugs (D2 blockers) which are used for the treatment of psychotic disorders, especially for schizophrenia, are known to produce extra-pyramidal side effects (EPS). Catalepsy was induced by these drugs in animals and these animals have been used as models to study the extra-pyramidal side effects which are associated with anti-psychotic agents in human beings. In the present study, we found out the protective effect of the aqueous extract of Mentha arvensis (MA) on haloperidol (2.0 mg/kg po administration) induced catalepsy in mice, by employing the standard bar test and the assessment of the locomotor activity. The mice were allocated to six groups, with each group containing seven animals. The effects of the test drug MA (500 and 1000mg/kg doses) and the standard drug, trihexyphenidyl (0.1mg/kg) were assessed after their repeated dose administration in mice for fourteen days, 30 minutes prior to the administration of haloperidol. The mice were sacrificed on the fourteenth day and the TBARS, glutathione, SOD and the catalase activities in their brain tissues were estimated by using the Ohkawa et al., Sedlak and Lindsay, Clairbone, Marklund and Marklund respectively. A significant (P<0.001) reduction in the cataleptic scores was observed in the test drug treated groups as compared to the toxic control, with a maximum reduction in the group with a drug dose of 1000 mg/kg. Similarly, our study suggested that MA had significantly reduced othe xidative stress and the cataleptic score which was induced by haloperidol. Hence, it could be used to prevent the drug- induced extrapyramidal side effects.
How to
cite this article :
MD. Parwez Ahmad, Hussain Arshad, Najmi Abul Kalam, Manocha Anshu, Akhtar Md. Hasin, Wahab Shadma. EFFECT OF THE AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MENTHA
ARVENSIS ON HALOPERIDOL INDUCED
CATALEPSY IN ALBINO MICE. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research [serial online] 2012 May [cited: 2013 May 24 ]; 6:542-546. Available from http://www.jcdr.net/back_issues.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2012&month=May&volume=6&issue=3&page=542-546&id=1958
Introduction Worldwide, researchers have come to know that catalepsy does not appear of its own accord; instead, that it often manifests as a one in a constellation of the symptoms which are caused by psychotic disorders. Nowadays, the usage of typical anti-psychotic drugs has been limited because of the side effects and the toxicity which are produced by them (1). Haloperidol is a widely and commonly prescribed typical anti-psychotic drug which is used for the treatment of schizophrenia and other effective disorders (2),(3). Receptor binding studies have shown that haloperidol was equivalent to fluphenazine and that it was about twice as active as chlorpromazine, as an inhibitor of the binding of dopamine to the dopamine receptor. It has a high affinity for the dopamine D2 receptors and it acts by blocking them (1). But, haloperidol causes movement disorders such as the narcoleptics malignant syndrome, dystonias and tardive dyskinaesias (1). Oxidative stress, which is a culprit in many human diseases, has been implicated in haloperidol toxicity (4). Extra pyramidal symptoms (EPSs), including pseudoparkinsonism, occur as distressing side effects in 20-75% of the patients who are administered typical anti-psychotics (5). The blockade on the dopamine receptor which is caused by haloperidol increases the dopamine turnover in humans and rats (6). It has been proposed that haloperidol induced oxidative stress arises from the generation of free radical catecholamine metabolism by monoamine oxidases (MAOs) (7). The acute (8) and chronic (9) administration of haloperidol in mice resulted in the generation of significant oxidative stress in their brain regions, as was evidenced by loss of the nonprotein thiol anti-oxidant glutathione (GSH) and by the increase of the lipid peroxidation product, malonaldehyde. Original Article Dentistry Section The brain system is highly susceptible to oxidative damage (10) as it is enriched with the more easily peroxidable fatty acids and as it is not particularly enriched with the anti-oxidant defenses. Newer approaches which are used to treat the oxidative damage in the brain like Mentha arvensis, have anti-oxidant potential (11). Since haloperidol induced catalepsy has an underlying pathology of increased oxidative stress, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of Mentha arvensis on haloperidol induced catalepsy. Trihexyphenidyl HCl was used as a standard drug (12). Mentha arvensis belongs to the family, Lamiaceae, which is popularly known as pudina, which is a common household remedy that has found its use in the Indian indigenous system of medicine against several ailments as an anaesthetic, anti-phlogistic, antidepressant, anti-microbal (13), antiseptic, anti-spasmodic, carminative, digestive, expectorant, nervine, stomachic, tonic and anti-fertility drug (14). It has beta-galactosidase activity (15) and it protects against radiation-induced lethality (16). It contains menthol (66%), (-)-menthyl acetate (15%) and (-)-menthone (8%) and it also has some phenolic content.
Material and Methods
Animal Eight week old Swiss albino mice (weighing 20–30 g) which were obtained from the central animal house, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India, were used in the study. The animals were housed under standard 12hr: 12hr light/dark cycles and were provided with food and water ad libitum. The animals were acclimatized to the laboratory conditions before testing them. Each animal was used once. The experiments were performed between 10.00 and 16.00hrs.The studies was approved by the institutionl ethical committee of Jamia Hamdard and the study was conducted according to the Indian National Science Academy Guidelines for the use and care of experimental animals. Drugs and Dosage Mentha arvensis was the test drug which was used. It was collected locally and it was identified by a botanist, Dr. M.P. Sharma, Professor, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Hamdard University, New Delhi-62. The Mentha arvensis was extracted with double distilled water. The extract which was thus obtained was vacuum evaporated in order to make it into powder form for it to be redissolved in double distilled water. It was stored in air tight containers which were protected from light. Trihexyphenidyl HCl (Wyeth Limited, Goa) and haloperidol (RPG Life Science Ltd. Ankleshwar) were suspended/ dissolved in 1% carboxy methyl cellulose solution. The treatments which were received by each group (each group consisted of seven animals, n=7) are shown in [Table/Fig-1]. The group which received normal saline (10ml/kg) served as the control group. The normal saline, trihexphenidyl Hcl (0.1mg/kg), MA (500 and 1000 mg/kg) (17), and haloperidol (2 mg/ kg) were given orally. Experimental Design Haloperidol Induced Catalepsy (HIC): Catalepsy was induced with haloperidol (2.0 mg/kg p.o.) and it was assessed at by means of a standard bar test and by the assessment of the locomotor activity on every fourth, eighth and fourteenth day of the drug treatment, as shown in (Table/Fig 2)(18), (19). The catalepsy was assessed in terms of the time for which the mouse maintained an imposed position with both the front limbs extended and resting on a 4 cm high wooden bar (1.0cm diameter). The end point of the catalepsy was considered to occur when both the front paws were removed from the bar or if the animal moved its head in an exploratory manner. A cut-off time of 300 seconds was applied. Between the determinations, the animals were returned to their individual home cages. All the observations were made between 10.00 and 16.00 hrs in a quiet room at 23-25º C. Scoring Method If the animal maintained the imposed posture for at least 20 seconds, it was considered to be cataleptic and the time was recorded in seconds. The animals were tested on every fourth, eighth and fourteenth day of the drug treatment and only the greater duration of the immobility was considered. Assement of Locomotor Activity Photoactometer test: This test measures the exploration and the voluntary locomotion within an enclosed area. The objective value for the spontaneous motor activity was obtained by using a photoactometer (Techno electronics, Lucknow, India). The mice were placed individually in a 30 × 30 cm black metal chamber with a screen floor and a light-tight lid. Six beams of red light were focused 2 cm above the floor in to photocells on the opposite side. Each beam interruption was registered as an event on the external counter. The floor of the chamber was wiped clean with a damp towel before each use. The mice were placed in the chamber one hour after the oral administration of the drug. They were allowed to acclimate for 2 min, and then the light beam breaks were counted for the next 10 min (19). In this study, MA was administered once daily, 30 min prior to the haloperidol administration, for fourteen days. Catalepsy was determined 30 min after the haloperidol administration on the fourth, eighth and on the fourteen day of the drug treatment. The animals were then sacrificed by cervical dislocation and the TBARS, glutathione, catalase and SOD (20),(21),(22),(23) activities of their whole brain tissue were estimated by using the Ohkawa et al.,(20) Sedlak and Lindsay, Clairbone, Marklund and Marklund respectively. Assay of TBARS Lipid peroxidation is a free radical mediated event. The primary products of such a damage are a complex mixture of peroxides which then breakdown to produce carbonyl compounds. The malondialdehyde (MDA) is one such carbonyl compound, which forms a characteristic chromogenic adduct with two molecules of TBA. The colourimetric reaction of TBA with MDA, a secondary product of lipid peroxidation, has been widely accepted for measuring lipid peroxidation. The total protein which was present in the homogenate was estimated by following the method which was described by Lowry et al (24). The units of the TBARS activity which were determined, were expressed in terms of nmoles MDA/ mg protein (20). Assay of Glutathione This spectrophotometric procedure was based on the method of Ellman i.e. DTNB [5, 5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)] is reduced by –SH groups to form one mole of 2-nitro-5- mercaptobenzoic acid per mole of –SH, as described by Sedlak and Lindsay. The units of the GSH activity which were determined were expressed in terms of nmoles μg/mg protein (21). Assay of SOD The assay of SOD was carried out, based on the ability of the enzyme to inhibit the auto-oxidation of pyrogallol, as described by Marklund and Marklund. The total protein which was present in the homogenate was estimated by following the method which was described by Lowry et al (24) . The units of the SOD activity which were determined were expressed in terms of milligrams of the total protein (22). Assay of Catalase In the UV range, H2O2 shows a continuous increase in the absorption with decreasing wavelength. The decomposition of H2O2 can be followed directly by the decrease in the absorbance at 240 nm. The difference in absorbance (ΔA) per unit time is a measure of the catalase activity. The units of the CAT activity which were determined were expressed in terms of nmolH2O2/mg protein (23). Statistical analysis For each group, the mean± SEM was calculated and the data was analyzed by using one way ANOVA, followed by the Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison test. P values of <0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.
Results
In the present study, the administration of the standard drugs and all the doses of the test drug, 30 min prior to the administration of the haloperidol dose on the fourteenth day, showed significantly (P<0.001) lower cataleptic scores than in the toxic control group in a dose and time dependent manner. TBARS Activity The TBARS levels were found to be significantly increased (p<.001) in the brain tissue of the haloperidol (2 mg/kg p.o.) treated animals, as shown in (Table/Fig 4). GLUTATHIONE Activity There was a significant increase (p<.05) in the levels of GSH in the Mentha arvensis pretreated mice as compared to the haloperidol 2 mg/kg p.o treated mice. SOD Activity In the mice who were pretreated with Mentha arvensis, the levels of SOD were significantly reduced (p<.001) as compared to those in the haloperidol 2 mg/kg p.o. treated mice (Table/Fig 4) shows the effect of the significant and dose dependent recovery on the haloperidol induced elevation of the SOD levels in animals. CATALASE Activity There was a significant increase (p<.001) in the levels of catalase in the Metha arvensis pretreated mice as compared to the haloperidol 2 mg/kg p.o. treated mice, as shown in (Table/Fig 4)
Discussion
The treatment with haloperidol often because distressing side effect involving the extra-pyramidal tract these adverse reactions comprise of variety of movement disorders, including drug induced Parkinsonism (25). This occurs in 20-40% of the patient population. The chronic use of haloperidol sometimes leads to irreversiable extra pyramidal disturbances such as tardive dyskinaesia. Similar disorders are reproducible in normal monkeys who are treated for many months with haloperidol and so, these symptoms are not merely an interaction between the psychotic state and the drug effects are largely due to the drug alone. Since haloperidol induced catalepsy had an underlying pathology of increased oxidative stress and as Mentha arvensis was high anti oxidants, in the present study, the effect of Mentha arvensis was evaluated in haloperidol induced cataleptic mice. In the present study, the animals who were treated for fourteen days with haloperidol showed severe cataleptic responses. Further, the animals (haloperidol treated) showed decreased levels of glutathione and catalase and increased levels of lipid peroxidation products and super oxide dismutase as compared to the vehicle toxic control animals. This result was in agreement with that of previous studies which were done on the effects of haloperidol on the extra pyramidal symptoms and the markers of oxidative stress (GSH, SOD, CAT and TBARS), thus suggesting the possible induction of free radical generation by haloperidol treatment. The results of our study were consistent with previous reports of the studies which were done on haloperidol induced oxidative stress (26). But the exact mechanisms by which haloperidol increased free radical production were not clear. The enzymatic degradation by MAOs was associated with the production of hydrogen peroxide, which was readily converted to the hydroxyl radical in the presence of iron. Thus, it could initiate a destructive lipid peroxidation cascade, but an increased dopamine (DA) turnover, leading to hydrogen peroxide production which might not be exclusively involved in the degeneration of oxidative stress. The auto-oxidation of DA which resulted in the production of superoxide radicals might have contributed to the unbalanced production of the free radicals. However, other mechanisms may also be involved. Haloperidol was reported to suppress the activity of certain detoxifying enzymes, thus leaving the cell unprotected, especially if the basal enzyme activity was low or if the free radical scavenging mechanisms were less effective. Haloperidol (HP) is converted to potentially toxic (HHP+) metabolites which may play a role in the extrapyrimidal side effects which are observed in the patients who are treated with haloperidol (27). Another possible mechanism could be the effect of neuroleptics on the mitochondrial respiration. The metabolites of haloperidol inhibit complex-I of the electron transport chain (28). The capability of the anti-psychotic drugs to clinically induce the extra-pyramidal syndrome seems to correlate well with their inhibitory effect on the complex- I inhibition. Whatever could have been be the mechanism of the unbalanced production of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the oxidative stress by haloperidol, Mentha arvensis was found to be effective in decreasing the oxidative stress in the haloperidol treated animals. The anti-oxidative properties of Mentha arvensis reduced the duration of the catalepsy, decreased the elevated levels of lipid peroxidation in the haloperidol treated animals and elevated the cellular defense mechanisms such as glutathione, further suggesting the role of free radicals in the pathophysiology of the haloperidol induced extra-pyramidal syndrome. The anti-oxidant activity of pudina could be possibly due to the direct scavenging of the superoxide radicals by the polyphenols or the flavanoids which are known to be present in these drugs. The combination of black tea and Mentha arvensis was found to be more effective than black tea or Mentha arvensis alone. From the present study, it can be concluded that Mentha arvensis may prove to be a beneficial adjuvant in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal side effects and related disorders. The above results have given strong evidence for the further evaluation of the use of Mentha arvensis in combination therapy along with typical antipsychotic agents like haloperidol.
Goldstein SR, Matsummoto RR, Thompson TL, Patrick RL, Bowen
WD, Walker JM. Motor effect of two sigma ligands which was mediated
by nigrostraital dopamine neurons. Synapse 1998; 4:254-58.
Seeman P, Corbett R, Nam D, Van Tol HH. Dopamine and serotonin
receptors: Amino acid sequences, and their clinical roles in neuroleptic
Parkinsonism. Jpn J Pharmacol 1996; 71: 187-204.
Eranti VS, Gangadhar BN, Jankiramaiah N. Haloperidol induced
extra-pyramidal reaction: lack of the preventive effect of vitamin E.
Psychopharmacology 1998; 140:418-20.
Mackay AVP, Iversen LL, Rosser M, Spokes E, Brid E, Arregui A,
et al. Increased brain dopamine receptor in schizopherenia. Arch Gen
Psychiatry 1982; 39:991-97.
Shivakumar BR, Ravindranath V. Oxidative stress and induced by
administration of the Neuroleptics drug haloperidol attenuated by
higher doses of haloperidol. Brain Research 1992; 595:256-62.
Shivakumar BR, Ravindranath V .Oxidative stress and thiol modification
which was induced by chronic haloperidol administration. J Pharmacol
Exp Ther 1993;265:1137-41
Floyd RA, Carney JM. Free radical damage to protein and DNA: A
mechanism which is involved and the relevant observation in brain
undergoing oxidative stress. Ann Neurol 1992; 32:S22-27.
Dorman HJ, Kos¸ ar M, Kahlos K, HolmY, Hiltunen R. The anti-oxidant
properties and the composition of the aqueous extracts from Mentha
species, hybrids varieties, and cultivars. J Agric Food Chem 2003;
51(16):4563-99.
Yamada H, Momose T, Okada M, Kuroiwa Y. Anti-cholinergic drugs:
response of Parkinsonism not responsive to levodopa. J Neurol
Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 72(1):111-13.
Coutinho HD, Costa JG, Lima EO, Falcao-Silva VS, Siqueira-Junior
JP. The potentiating effect of Mentha arvensis and chlorpromazine
on the resistance to aminoglycosides of Methicillin – Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus. In Vivo 2009; 23(2):287-89.
Sharma N, Jocob D. The anti-fertility investigation and the toxicological
screening of the petroleum ether extract of the leaves of Mentha
arvensis L. in male albino mice. Ethnopharmacol. 2001; 75(1):5-12.
Chowdhury BR, Chakraborty R, Raychaudhuri U. Study on the betagalactosidase
enzymatic activity of herbal yogurt. Int J Food Sci Nutr
2008; 59(2):116-22.
Jagetia GC, Baliga MS. Influence of the leaf extract of Mentha arvensis
Linn. (Mint) on the survival of mice who were exposed to different
doses of gamma radiation. Strahlentherapie and Onkologie 2002;
178:91-98.
Lennert H, Hoyer S. The intra-cerebroventicular administration of
streptozocin causes long term diminution in the learning and memory
abilities and in the cerebral energy metabolism in adult rats. Behav
Neurosci 1998; 112:1199-208.
Sedlak J, Lindsay RH. Estimation of the total protein (bound) and the
nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in tissues by using Ellman’s reagent.
Anal. Biochem 1968; 25:192-205.
Marklund S, Marklund G. Involvement of the super oxide anion radical
in the auto oxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for super
oxide dismutase. Eur J Biochem 1974; 47:469-74.
Burkhardt C, Kelly JP, Lim YH, Filley CM, Prker WDJ. Neuroleptic
medication inhibits complex–I of the electron transport chain. Ann
Neurol 1993; 33:512-17.
