Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, ISSN - 0973 - 709X

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Dr. Arundhathi. S
MBBS, MD (Pathology),
Sanjay Gandhi institute of trauma and orthopedics,
Bengaluru.
On Aug 2018




Dr. Mamta Gupta,
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Dr. Mamta Gupta
Consultant
(Ex HOD Obs &Gynae, Hindu Rao Hospital and associated NDMC Medical College, Delhi)
Aug 2018




Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey

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Writing is the representation of language in a textual medium i e; into the words and sentences on paper. Quality medical manuscript writing in particular, demands not only a high-quality research, but also requires accurate and concise communication of findings and conclusions, with adherence to particular journal guidelines. In medical field whether working in teaching, private, or in corporate institution, everyone wants to excel in his / her own field and get recognised by making manuscripts publication.


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Salient features of the JCDR: It is a biomedical, multidisciplinary (including all medical and dental specialities), e-journal, with wide scope and extensive author support. At the same time, a free text of manuscript is available in HTML and PDF format. There is fast growing authorship and readership with JCDR as this can be judged by the number of articles published in it i e; in Feb 2007 of its first issue, it contained 5 articles only, and now in its recent volume published in April 2011, it contained 67 manuscripts. This e-journal is fulfilling the commitments and objectives sincerely, (as stated by Editor-in-chief in his preface to first edition) i e; to encourage physicians through the internet, especially from the developing countries who witness a spectrum of disease and acquire a wealth of knowledge to publish their experiences to benefit the medical community in patients care. I also feel that many of us have work of substance, newer ideas, adequate clinical materials but poor in medical writing and hesitation to submit the work and need help. JCDR provides authors help in this regards.
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Thanking you
With sincere regards
Dr. Rajendra Kumar Ghritlaharey, M.S., M. Ch., FAIS
Associate Professor,
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College & Associated
Kamla Nehru & Hamidia Hospitals Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 001 (India)
E-mail: drrajendrak1@rediffmail.com
On May 11,2011




Dr. Shankar P.R.

"On looking back through my Gmail archives after being requested by the journal to write a short editorial about my experiences of publishing with the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research (JCDR), I came across an e-mail from Dr. Hemant Jain, Editor, in March 2007, which introduced the new electronic journal. The main features of the journal which were outlined in the e-mail were extensive author support, cash rewards, the peer review process, and other salient features of the journal.
Over a span of over four years, we (I and my colleagues) have published around 25 articles in the journal. In this editorial, I plan to briefly discuss my experiences of publishing with JCDR and the strengths of the journal and to finally address the areas for improvement.
My experiences of publishing with JCDR: Overall, my experiences of publishing withJCDR have been positive. The best point about the journal is that it responds to queries from the author. This may seem to be simple and not too much to ask for, but unfortunately, many journals in the subcontinent and from many developing countries do not respond or they respond with a long delay to the queries from the authors 1. The reasons could be many, including lack of optimal secretarial and other support. Another problem with many journals is the slowness of the review process. Editorial processing and peer review can take anywhere between a year to two years with some journals. Also, some journals do not keep the contributors informed about the progress of the review process. Due to the long review process, the articles can lose their relevance and topicality. A major benefit with JCDR is the timeliness and promptness of its response. In Dr Jain's e-mail which was sent to me in 2007, before the introduction of the Pre-publishing system, he had stated that he had received my submission and that he would get back to me within seven days and he did!
Most of the manuscripts are published within 3 to 4 months of their submission if they are found to be suitable after the review process. JCDR is published bimonthly and the accepted articles were usually published in the next issue. Recently, due to the increased volume of the submissions, the review process has become slower and it ?? Section can take from 4 to 6 months for the articles to be reviewed. The journal has an extensive author support system and it has recently introduced a paid expedited review process. The journal also mentions the average time for processing the manuscript under different submission systems - regular submission and expedited review.
Strengths of the journal: The journal has an online first facility in which the accepted manuscripts may be published on the website before being included in a regular issue of the journal. This cuts down the time between their acceptance and the publication. The journal is indexed in many databases, though not in PubMed. The editorial board should now take steps to index the journal in PubMed. The journal has a system of notifying readers through e-mail when a new issue is released. Also, the articles are available in both the HTML and the PDF formats. I especially like the new and colorful page format of the journal. Also, the access statistics of the articles are available. The prepublication and the manuscript tracking system are also helpful for the authors.
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Overall, the publishing process with JCDR has been smooth, quick and relatively hassle free and I can recommend other authors to consider the journal as an outlet for their work."



Dr. P. Ravi Shankar
KIST Medical College, P.O. Box 14142, Kathmandu, Nepal.
E-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com
On April 2011
Anuradha

Dear team JCDR, I would like to thank you for the very professional and polite service provided by everyone at JCDR. While i have been in the field of writing and editing for sometime, this has been my first attempt in publishing a scientific paper.Thank you for hand-holding me through the process.


Dr. Anuradha
E-mail: anuradha2nittur@gmail.com
On Jan 2020

Important Notice

Case report
Year : 2011 | Month : November | Volume : 5 | Issue : 6 | Page : 1267 - 1269 Full Version

Bilateral Accessory Renal Arteries With A Rare Origin of The Testicular Artery : An Embryological Basis


Published: November 1, 2011 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2011/.1627
H.Mamatha, Antony Sylvan D’Souza

Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India. Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India.

Correspondence Address :
H. Mamatha
Assistant Professor, Dept of Anatomy,
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal-576104 Karnataka, India.
Phone No : +91-9535681514
E-mail : mamatha2010@yahoo.com

Abstract

A rare origin of the testicular artery from the renal artery seems to be an unrecognized variation which may be of particular importance to the radiologists and the surgeons while operating near the renal pedicle or in the retroperitoneal region.

bilateral accessory arteries and an anomalous origin of the left testicular artery from the main renal artery.

The knowledge of this variation will help the radiologists and surgeons in avoiding clinical complications during uroradiological interventions and surgical procedures which are related to the abdomen, such as renal and gonadal surgeries.

Keywords

Accessory renal artery; Renal transplantation; Vascular variations

Introduction
Classically, and in 75% of the people, the kidney is supplied by a single renal artery; about 25% of the adult kidneys have two or four renal arteries. It is a misnomer to call such vessels as accessory; aberrant or even supernumerary and because they are not extra but essential, tissue – sustaining arteries without anastomoses between them, which correspond to the segmental branch of a single renal artery (1).

The testicular artery usually arises from the abdominal aorta at the level of the second lumbar vertebra, below the renal artery. In 5-6% of the individuals, it originates from the main or the accessory renal artery (2).

We report here, a case with the occurrence of bilateral accessory renal arteries and a rare origin of the left testicular artery from the main renal artery.

Such variations in the gonadal and renal arteries have clinical and surgical significance with respect to their potential influence on the blood flow to the kidney and the gonads and to the haemorrhagic complications following retroperitoneal operations(Table/Fig 1),(Table/Fig 2),(Table/Fig 3).

Observations During the routine dissection of a 60 year old male cadaver, certain variations in the renal and testicular arteries were observed.

On the right side, the main renal artery originated from the abdominal aorta, 8.5 cm above its bifurcation. It passed behind the inferior vena cava and broke up into two terminal branches of equal size with a long stem to reach the kidney hilum. The accessory renal artery arose distally, 3.3 cm above the aortic bifurcation and ascended to reach the lower end of the renal hilum by crossing the right testicular artery anteriorly.

On the left side, two accessory renal arteries originated from the left lateral part of the abdominal aorta and ran into the left kidney. The superior accessory renal artery arose 10.3cm above the aortic bifurcation and ran into the superior pole of the left kidney and the inferior accessory renal artery originated 3.3 cm above the bifurcation of the aorta and entered the lower end of the hilum.

The left testicular artery originated from the left main renal artery, midway between its origin and the renal hilum and passed in front of the lower (inferior) accessory renal artery. The rest of the course of the testicular artery and its termination was normal.

Discussion

The term, ‘accessory’ has been applied to an additional artery in the renal pedicle, or to a vessel which enters the kidney at either pole, whether it has been derived from the main renal artery or from the aorta or from a branch of the aorta (3). The accessory arteries usually arise from the aorta, above or below the main renal artery and follow it to the renal hilum.

The reported incidence of the accessory renal arteries has a wide range between 8.7% and 75.7%(4),(5)

Aquino et al., documented 12% patients with accessory renal arteries during the repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms (6). According to Eisehdrath’s series of dissections, the superior accessory arteries which arose from the aorta were found in 0.5% of the cadavers and the inferior accessory arteries which arose from the aorta were found in 0.04% cadavers. Although the accessory arteries were not found to occur as frequently as has been stated by many authors, they were found often enough to be constantly borne in mind during operations (7).

Many authors state that such vessels may be important from the clinical point of view in that they may cause; i) Hydronephrosis due to occlusion or compression of the ureter by an inferior accessory artery, ii) Nephroptosis and Malrotation of the kidney,and iii) Arterial hypertension and subsequent renal infarction by the constriction of the renal arteries.

In the study of Notkovich which included 405 gonadal arteries, gonadal arteries of renal origin were found in 14 percent of the and they were seen to take their origin from the principal renal artery, from its branches or from an accessory renal artery. Asala et al., found that the testicular artery originated from the renal artery only in 2.6% of the cases (8). Shoja MM. et al., noticed that the gonadal artery originated from the main or the accessory renal artery in 14 percent of the sides(2).

The aberrant origin of the gonadal artery from the renal arteries occasionally may be accompanied by other variations in the celiac trunk, the inferior mesenteric, the hepatic suprarenal and the inferior phrenic arteries (2).

Machnicki and Grzybiak examined four types of variations of the testicular arteries according to their site of origin from the aorta or the renal arteries. With this criteria, a single testicular artery arising from the main renal artery has been classified as a ‘type B’ variation (9). Cicekbasi et al., classified the gonadal artery which originated from the main renal artery as type II, with a frequency of 5.5%(2).

Embryological basis (2),(3),(6) The mesonephric arteries extend from the sixth cervical to the third lumbar segments and are divided into three groups : (1) the cranial group consisting of the 1st and 2nd arteries, which are located cranial to the celiac trunk; (2) the middle group consisting of the 3rd – 5th arteries, which pass through the suprarenal body; and (3) the caudal group consisting of the 6th – 9th arteries.

In the upper lumbar region, the mesonephric arteries form a network, the rete arteriosum urogenital, from which the gonads, the mesonephros and later, the metanephros are supplied with arterial segments. Eventually, some of the roots which supply this network degenerate, the area to which they supply being taken over by a neighbouring root. This arrangement explains why those arteries which persist to form the segmental arteries have some variation in their point of origin.

In our case, the right superior accessory had a proximal origin in the pedicle, probably the result of a variation in the degeneration of the rete arteriosum, while the right inferior accessory and the superior inferior accessory which arise from the aorta are persistant mesonephric arteries.

Likewise and similarly, the accessory renal artery arises embryologically from the retention of the early series of the mesonephric or the segmental lateral splanchnic arteries. Hence, it seems that the embryonic origins of the accessory renal and the aberrant gonadal arteries have some overlapping features.

Conclusion

The presence of such variations may become a major risk when this type of gonadal artery represents the single blood supply to the gonad, without a second supply from the aorta or other arterial sources. Thus, it becomes imperative to carefully preserve the gonadal artery in order to prevent the occurrence of any vascular troubles of the gonad. With the increasing demand for kidney transplantation, living donor grafts and allografts with multiple arteries have become a necessity.

References

1.
Stephens FD. Ureterovascular hydronephrosis and the aberrent renal vessels. J.Urol 1982;128:984-7.
2.
Shoja MM, Tubbs RS, Shakeri AB, Oakes WJ. Origin of the gonadal artery: embryological implications. Clin Anat 2007;20:428-32.
3.
Graves FT. Aberrant arteries. Brit J Surg 1954;42:132.
4.
Willium PL, Bannister LH, Berry MM, Collins P, Dyson M, Dussek JE, Fegguson MW et al. Gray’s Anatomy. 38th ed. London: Churchill Livingstone.1995
5.
Singh G, Ng YK, Bay BH. Bilateral accessory renal arteries which are associated with some anomalies of the ovarian arteries: a case study. Clin Anat 1998;11:417-20.
6.
Kocabiyik N, Yalcin B, Yazar F, Ozan H. A presistant mesonephric artery:a rudimentary accessory renal artery. Gazi Med J 2004;15:75-8.
7.
Bergman RA, Affifi AK, Miyauchi R. Renal vessel variations.Available from http://www.anatomyatlases.org/Anatomic Variants/ Cardiovascular/In on8/15/2009
8.
Notkovich H. Variation of the testicular and ovarian arteries with respect to the renal pedicle. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1956;103:487-95.
9.
Machnicki A, Grzybiak M. Variations in the testicular arteries in fetuses and adults. Folia Morphol 1997; 56:277-85.

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